鏉庢祹娣憋紙1885鈥?959錛夛紝瀛椾換娼紝姘戦潻鐨勪富瑕佸垱濮嬩漢錛屽巻浠繪皯闈╃涓�銆佷簩銆佷笁銆佸洓灞婁腑澶富甯?
鏉庢祹娣辨槸钁楀悕鐨勭埍鍥芥皯涓諱漢澹�佹澃鍑虹殑鏀挎不瀹跺拰鍐涗簨瀹躲�備粬浠ユ瘯鐢熺簿鍔涜嚧鍔涗簬涓崕姘戞棌鐨勬尟鍏翠簨涓氾紝涓鴻繎浠ｄ腑鍗庢皯鏃忕殑涓ゅぇ鍘嗗彶榪涚▼錛氳緵浜ラ潻鍛姐�佹柊涓浗鎴愮珛鍋氬嚭浜?jiǎn)绉瀬鐨勮础鐚�備粬鐖卞浗闈╁懡鍧氬畾涓嶇Щ錛岃櫧緇忓巻鍧庡澐錛屼絾闈㈠鏃朵唬鐨勬寫鎴橈紝琛ㄧ幇鍑洪潪鍑＄殑鏅烘収銆佸姏閲忓拰閬撳痙鍕囨皵銆?
瀛欎腑灞遍壕涓嬬殑鍚嶅皢
鏉庢祹娣辯敓浜?885騫淬�傛鏃訛紝甯濆浗涓諱箟鍒楀己姝ｅ湪鍔犵揣鐡滃垎涓浗錛屾皯鏃忓嵄鏈虹┖鍓嶅姞鍓э紝鑰屼笉鐢樺彈杈辯殑涓浗浜轟篃姝ｅ湪濂嬭搗鍙嶆姉錛屸�滄晳浜″浘瀛樷�濓紝鈥滄尟鍏翠腑鍗庘�濇垚涓鴻繖涓椂浠ｄ腑鍗庢皯鏃忕殑鏈�寮洪煶銆傚咖鎮(zhèn)ｄ即闅忔潕嫻庢繁鐨勬垚闀匡紝浣夸粬鎰熷埌鐥涜嫤錛屼篃浣夸粬濂嬪彂鍥懼己錛屼互鏁戝浗鏁戞皯涓哄繁浠匯�?
1901騫達(dá)紝鏉庢祹娣辮繘鍏ユⅶ宸炰腑瑗垮鍫傝涔︺�傝繖鏄竴鎵�鏂板紡瀛﹀爞錛岄櫎寮�璁句腑鏂囦箣澶栵紝榪樺紑鏈夋暟瀛︺�佸湴鐞嗙瓑瀛︾銆備竴浜涘叿鏈夌幇浠ｇ煡璇嗐�佹皯涓婚潻鍛芥�濇兂鐨勪漢鍦ㄨ繖閲屼換鏁欍�傚湪涓タ瀛﹀爞錛屾潕嫻庢繁鈥滃垵姝ョ潄寮�鐪煎厜鐪嬩笘鐣岋紝瀵逛簬婊℃竻鏀垮簻涓ф潈杈卞浗涓庡笣鍥戒富涔変鏡鐣ユ姝ユ繁鍏ワ紝鎰熷埌鐥涙劋銆傝涓鴻鏁戜腑鍥斤紝闈炴帹鍊掓弧娓呬笉鍙紱瑕佹帹鍊掓弧娓咃紝闈炵敤姝﹀姏涓嶅彲銆傗�?nbsp;1904騫達(dá)紝19宀佺殑鏉庢祹娣辨湭緇忓涓悓鎰忥紝渚挎姤鑰冧簡(jiǎn)涓ゅ箍闄嗗啗涓銆?907騫達(dá)紝鏉庢祹娣變粠闄嗗啗閫熸垚瀛﹀爞姣曚笟錛岃鍒嗛厤鍒板箍涓滄柊鍐涙柊鍏佃惀褰撹涔?fàn)鍐涘畼锛屽悗璋冧恢M負(fù)鏂板叺钀ュ鍏佃惀鎺掗暱錛屽湪榪欓噷緇撹瘑浜?jiǎn)閭撻撗潃?909騫存潕嫻庢繁浣滀負(fù)浼樼浜烘墠琚�夐�佸埌淇濆畾鍐涘畼瀛︽牎錛屾帴鍙楅珮綰х殑鍐涗簨鏁欒偛銆?
杈涗亥闈╁懡鐖嗗彂鏃訛紝鏉庢祹娣變負(fù)闃繪娓呭啗鍗椾笅闀囧帇闈╁懡榪愬姩錛屽拰鍚屽涓�璧瘋嚜鍙戝湴琛屽姩璧鋒潵錛岀牬鍧忎簡(jiǎn)淇濆畾闄勮繎鐨勬祻娌抽搧妗ャ�?912騫達(dá)紝浠栭椈鐭ュ箍涓滃啗鏀垮簻緇勭粐鍖椾紣鍐涜浼愭竻鏀垮簻鍚庯紝婊¤厰鐑儏鍦板埌涓婃搗錛屾壘鍒板啗闀垮闆ㄥ鉤錛岃姹傚弬鍔犳垬鏂椼�傛鏃訛紝濮氶洦騫蟲涓洪儴闃熺己涔忓啗浜嬩漢鎵嶈�岀潃鎬ワ紝鏉庢祹娣辯殑鍒版潵鎭頒技闆腑閫佺偔錛岀珛鍗寵濮氶洦騫沖浠諱負(fù)浣滄垬鍙傝皨錛岀洿鎺ュ弬涓庡叏鍐涗綔鎴樿鍒掔殑鍒跺畾鍜屾寚鎸ュ伐浣溿�?
濮氶洦騫崇巼棰嗙殑騫夸笢鍐涙槸鍖椾紣鍐涗腑鐨勪富鍔涢儴闃燂紝濂夊瓩涓北浠わ紝娌挎觸嫻﹂搧璺悜鍖楄繘鏀匯�傚湪鍖椾紣榪囩▼涓紝鏉庢祹娣卞垵姝ュ睍紺轟簡(jiǎn)鍗撹秺鐨勫啗浜嬫寚鎸ユ墠鑳姐�備粬縐瀬鍗忓姪濮氶洦騫蟲暣緙栧啗闃燂紝璁ょ湡鍒跺畾浣滄垬璁″垝銆備負(fù)浜?jiǎn)鋴射綔鎴樿鍒掓洿鍔犺缁嗕笌鍛ㄥ叏锛屼粬浜茶嚜鍒板墠绾夸睛瀵熷湴迮炲Q岄�夋嫨琛屽啗璺嚎銆備粬涓誨姩璇風(fēng)績(jī)錛岀洿鎺ュ埌鍓嶇嚎鎸囨尌浣滄垬錛屽湪鍥洪晣銆佸宸炪�佸緪宸炰笁嬈″ぇ璐ユ竻鍐涚殑鎴樻枟涓紝绔嬩笅浜?jiǎn)璧但鎴樺姛銆?
媧ユ鄲綰夸富鎴樺満鐨勮妭鑺傝儨鍒╂瀬澶у湴榧撹垶浜?jiǎn)鍚勮矾鍖椾紣鍐涘Q岃揩浣挎竻瀹ｇ粺鐨囧笣瀹ｅ竷閫�浣嶏紝琚佷笘鍑疄琛屽崡鍖楄鍜屻�傛潕嫻庢繁鍥犱負(fù)鍦ㄤ綔鎴樹腑鏈夊媷鏈夎皨錛屾垬鍔熷崜钁楋紝琚闆ㄥ鉤鐮存牸鎻愭嫈涓虹22甯堝弬璋嬮暱銆?
1912騫?鏈堬紝瀛欎腑灞辮緸鍘諱復(fù)鏃跺ぇ鎬葷粺鑱屼綅錛岃涓栧嚡紿冩嵁姘戝浗鎬葷粺錛屽壇鎬葷粺榛庡厓媧�¤瑁佸啗銆傛潕嫻庢繁杈炲幓鑱屽姟錛岃繑鍥為檰鍐涘ぇ瀛︾戶緇涓氥�?
1914騫達(dá)紝鏉庢祹娣變互浼樺紓鎴愮嘩鍦ㄩ檰鍐涘ぇ瀛︽瘯涓氬悗錛屼笉浣嗚鐣欐牎浠繪暀錛岃繕鍦ㄩ檰鍐涢儴鍐涘鍙告媴浠昏亴鍔°�傚湪浠繪暀鏈熼棿錛屾潕嫻庢繁鍏呭垎灞曠幇浜?jiǎn)浠栨繁鍘氱殑鍐涗簨鐞嗚绱犲吇锛屾?zhèn)夊績(jī)鍩瑰吇浜?jiǎn)涓�澶ф壒楂樼駭鍐涗簨浜烘墠銆傝澶氫漢鍚庢潵鎴愪負(fù)姘戝浗鏃舵湡璧但鏈夊悕鐨勯珮綰у皢瀹樸�傚浠誨浗姘戞斂搴滃浗闃查儴闀跨殑寰愭案鏄岋紝騫胯タ鐪佷富甯�侀泦鍥㈠啗鍙鎬護(hù)鐨勯粍鏃垵絳夛紝閮芥槸浠栫殑瀛︾敓銆傚洜姝わ紝鏉庢祹娣卞湪鍐涙斂鐣屽０鏈涙瀬楂橈紝鏈夆�滃叏鍥介檰鍐涚殕鍚庡錛屼袱綺ゅ悕灝嗗敖闂ㄧ敓鈥濈殑澹拌獕銆?
鍦ㄦ潕嫻庢繁鐣欐牎浠繪暀鐨勪簲騫撮棿錛屼腑鍥芥斂鍧涢浜戝彉騫伙細(xì)琚佷笘鍑槞鑺變竴鐜扮殑鈥滅殗甯濇ⅵ鈥濄�佸紶鍕嬬殑澶嶈緹涓戝墽銆佹紲虹憺瀵廣�婁腑鍗庢皯鍥戒復(fù)鏃剁害娉曘�嬬殑搴熷純絳夌瓑錛屽垰鍒氫粠灝佸緩涓撳埗鐨勯粦鏆椾腑璧板嚭鐨勪腑鍥藉張闄峰叆浜?jiǎn)鍐涢榾鍓叉嵁鐨勬販涔卞眬闈��傚瓩涓北鍏堝悗鍙戣搗鐨勬姢鍥芥垬浜夊拰絎竴嬈℃姢娉曡繍鍔紝閮戒互澶辮觸鍛婄粓銆傛潕嫻庢繁鑰抽椈鐩澒榪欎竴鍒囷紝鍐呭績(jī)涓囧垎鐥涜嫤銆備粬鍊熼壌涓タ鍏村浗涔嬬瓥錛岀┓灝戒功鏋楋紝縐瀬鍦版帰绱㈣В鏁戜腑鍥界殑閬撹礬錛屾�濈儲(chǔ)涓�涓啗浜鴻鎬庢牱鍙戞尌浣滅敤銆?
1921騫存槬澶╋紝鏉庢祹娣卞湪鍥炲鎺翰閫斾腑錛屾嫓璁夸簡(jiǎn)鏃朵換綺ゅ啗鍙傝皨闀垮吋絎竴甯堝笀闀跨殑鑰佸弸閭撻摽銆備笌閭撻摽鐨勪竴甯暱璋堜嬌鏉庢祹娣卞瀛欎腑灞卞強(qiáng)鍏墮瀵肩殑闈╁懡鏈変簡(jiǎn)娣卞埢鐨勮璇嗐�備粬鎰熷埌錛屽彧鏈夊瓩涓北鍏堢敓鐨勪笁姘戜富涔夋墠鏄�傚悎涓浗鍥芥儏鐨勬尟鍏翠箣絳栵紝鍙湁璺熼殢瀛欎腑灞辮繘琛岄潻鍛斤紝涓浗鎵嶆湁甯屾湜銆傛潕嫻庢繁搴旈倱涔嬮個(gè)璇風(fēng)暀鍦ㄧ涓�甯堬紝騫跺姞鍏ヤ腑鍥藉浗姘戝厷銆備笉涔咃紝鐢變簬絎竴甯堝弬璋嬮暱闄堝彲閽拌皟浠誨瓩涓北璀﹀崼鍥㈠洟闀匡紝鏉庢祹娣辮浠誨懡涓虹涓�甯堝弬璋嬮暱銆?
闈╁懡鐨勫薄璧峰薄璐ヤ嬌瀛欎腑灞辨剰璇嗗埌錛岃鎯抽潻鍛芥垚鍔燂紝灝卞繀欏繪嫢鏈夊己澶х殑闈╁懡姝﹁銆傚洜姝わ紝瀛欎腑灞辯Н鏋佸悜嫻峰絳規(guī)錛屼嬌綺ゅ啗鍦ㄨ繎涓�騫寸殑鏃墮棿閲岀敱5000浜哄彂灞曞埌涓や竾浜恒�傜敱浜庝漢鍛樻墿鍏呮瀬蹇紝鎴愬垎澶嶆潅錛岀礌璐ㄦ瀬宸紝澹叺浠棫涔?fàn)姘斾弗閲嶅Q屽悆鍠濆珫璧屾牱鏍蜂勘鍏紝嬈哄帇鐧懼鐨勭幇璞℃椂鏈夊彂鐢熴�傝櫧鐒舵槸闈╁懡鍐涢槦錛屽彲澶у鏁板＋鍏靛闈╁懡鍐涗漢鐨勮亴璐ｅ拰鐜頒唬鍐涗簨鎶�鏈己涔忚搗鐮佺殑浜?jiǎn)瑙ｃ�備負(fù)灝嗙菠鍐涘緩鎴愪竴鏀繝浜庨潻鍛界殑綺鵑攼鐨勬瑁呭姏閲忥紝閭撻摽鍐沖畾鍏堜粠絎竴甯堝叆鎵嬶紝濮旀墭鏉庢祹娣卞叏鏉冭礋璐ｆ暣欏垮拰璁粌銆?
鏉庢祹娣辮涓猴紝絎竴甯堢幇鍦ㄨ繕鏄棫鐨勭紪鍒訛紝涓嶇鍚堥潻鍛芥柊鍐涚殑瑕佹眰錛屽洜姝わ紝浠栭鍏堜粠寤虹珛鏂板紡緙栧埗鍏ユ墜銆傚湪鏂規(guī)鐨勬�諱綋瑙勫垝涓婏紝鏉庢祹娣辨牴鎹畼鍏靛弬宸殑绱犺川涓庣瓑綰э紝鏈夐拡瀵規(guī)�у湴鍥犳潗鏂芥暀銆傚湪鍐呭涓婏紝闄や簡(jiǎn)鍐涗簨璁粌涔嬪錛屾潕嫻庢繁鏇存敞閲嶅澹叺榪涜鎬濇兂鏀挎不鍜屾枃鍖栨暀鑲層�備粬璁劇珛鍐涘畼璁粌鐝拰瀛﹀叺钀ヤ袱涓満鏋勶紝瀵瑰啗瀹樹富瑕佽繘琛屾斂娌繪暀鑲詫紝浣夸粬浠簡(jiǎn)瑙ｉ潻鍛界殑鐩殑鍜岄潻鍛藉啗浜虹殑鑱岃矗錛涘瀛﹀叺鍒欎晶閲嶈繘琛屽啗浜嬫暀鑲詫紝浣夸粬浠兘鎴愪負(fù)閮ㄩ槦鏈�鍩哄眰鐨勯騫層�傚湪鎶撳啗瀹樿緇冪殑鍚屾椂錛屾潕嫻庢繁榪樺崄鍒嗛噸瑙嗗騫垮ぇ澹叺鐨勬暀鑲插拰璁粌銆備粬鍏堜互閭撴紨杈劇殑鐙珛钀ヤ負(fù)璇曠偣錛屼粠鏀挎不鍜屽啗浜嬩袱涓柟闈㈠悓鏃惰繘琛屾暀鑲詫紝鐒跺悗鍦ㄥ叏甯堟帹騫褲�傛潕嫻庢繁鐨勬暣璁崜鏈夋垚鏁堬紝鍐涢槦鐨勯潰璨岃繀閫熸敼鍙橈紝澹叺鐨勭礌璐ㄥ緱鍒版彁楂橈紝鍐涢槦鐨勬垬鏂楀姏澶уぇ鍔犲己銆?nbsp;
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1926騫達(dá)紝鏉庢祹娣辨敮鎸佹潕瀹椾粊鎻愬嚭鐨勫緩璁紝鍔涗績(jī)鍖椾紣瀹炴柦銆傚湪5鏈?0鏃ヤ婦琛岀殑鍥芥皯鍏氫腑澶斂娌諱細(xì)璁笂錛屼粬鎱鋒叏闄堣瘝錛氣�滀粖鏃ュ寳浼愬疄鍦ㄦ槸鍗冭澆涓�鏃剁殑鏈轟細(xì)鈥濓紝鈥滄垘鏈轟笉鍙潗澶憋紝絎竷鍐涘凡鍦ㄦ蕩琛�濂嬫垬錛岀鍥涘啗涔熷凡鍑嗗鐗虹壊錛屽笇鏈涘叾浠栧悇鍐涜娉戒竴鑷村搷搴旓紝鍏辮鐩涗婦錛涗腑鏋㈡洿瀹滈�熷畾鍖椾紣澶ц錛屼互瑙ｄ腑鍘熶漢姘戠殑鍊掓?zhèn)Q屼互鎱版搗鍐呭鐖卞浗浜哄＋鐨勫杹鍠佷箣鏈涖�傗�濆湪浠栫殑鍛煎悂涓嬶紝涓庝細(xì)浜哄憳涓�鑷村悓鎰忕珛鍗寵繘琛屽寳浼愩�?
1926騫?鏈?鏃ワ紝鍥芥皯闈╁懡鍐涘湪騫垮窞瑾撳笀鍖椾紣銆傛垬浜夛紝灝ゅ叾鏄ぇ瑙勬ā鐨勭幇浠ｅ寲鎴樹簤錛屼笉浠呴渶瑕佸媷鏁��傚嚑鍗佷竾澹叺鎵�闇�瑕佺殑鍐涚敤鐗╄祫蹇呴』鏃舵椂璺熷緱涓婏紝涓嶄粎鏋灊寮硅嵂闇�瑕佸強(qiáng)鏃墮�佸埌鎴樺＋鎵嬮噷錛屾垬澹殑鍚冨枬涓�澶╀篃涓嶈兘涓柇銆傛牴鎹湴鐨勫畨鍏ㄣ�佸悗鍕よˉ緇欙紝闇�瑕佹渶鍏鋒櫤鎱х殑灝嗗啗榪愮甯峰箘銆傘�傛潕嫻庢繁鍑轟換鍥芥皯闈╁懡鍐涙�誨弬璋嬮暱錛岀暀瀹堝箍宸烇紝鍚屾椂鍏間換鍖椾紣鍐涘悗鏂圭暀瀹堟�誨徃浠わ紝鎸囨尌騫夸笢7涓澶囧尯錛屼繚璇佸悗鏂規(guī)牴鎹湴鐨勫畨鍏紱鍚屾椂緇勭粐浜哄姏鐗╁姏鏀彺鍓嶆柟錛屼繚璇佸寳浼愬啗鐨勫啗闇�琛ョ粰銆?
鍖椾紣鍐涘嚭寰佸墠錛屼綔涓哄寳浼愬啗鎬誨弬璋嬮暱鐨勬潕嫻庢繁涓庤嫃鑱斿啗浜嬮【闂�佽拫浠嬬煶銆佺櫧宕囩Η絳変漢涓�璧鳳紝鐮旂┒鏁屾垜鍙屾柟鐨勫啗浜嬪姏閲忋�佸啗闃�涔嬮棿鐨勭煕鐩撅紝鍒跺畾浜?jiǎn)棣栧厛娑堢伃鍚翠僵瀛氬啗锛岀劧鍚庢鐏瓩浼犺姏_啗錛屾渶鍚庢秷鐏紶浣滈湒鍐涳紝鈥滈泦涓叺鍔涖�佸悇涓嚮鐮粹�濈殑鎴樼暐鏂歸拡銆?
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闅忕潃鍖椾紣鎴樹簤鐨勮妭鑺傝儨鍒╋紝1926騫?1鏈堬紝鍥芥皯鍏氫腑澶拰鍥芥皯鏀垮簻鍐沖畾鐢卞箍宸炶縼寰�姝︽眽銆傝縼閮藉墠錛屼負(fù)鍔犲己騫夸笢鐨勫伐浣滐紝鍥芥皯鏀垮簻瀵瑰箍涓滅渷鏀垮簻榪涜浜?jiǎn)鏀咕l勶紝浠誨懡鏉庢祹娣卞吋浠誨箍涓滅渷涓誨腑鍙?qiáng)鐪佸啗浜嬪巺鍘呴暱锛屽浗姘戦潻鍛藉啗绗叓璧\鍐涙�繪寚鎸ャ�?2鏈?鏃ワ紝鍥芥皯鍏氫腑澶喅瀹氳绔嬪浗姘戝厷涓ぎ鏀挎不浼?xì)璁q垮窞鍒嗕細(xì)錛岀敱鏉庢祹娣變換涓誨腑錛岀杈栦袱騫褲�佺寤猴紝闆嗗厷鏀垮啗澶ф潈浜庝竴韜�?
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鍙嶈拫鎶楁棩鐨勬皯涓繪淳棰嗚
1931騫?2鏈堬紝鏉庢祹娣卞嚭甯湪鍗椾含鍙紑鐨勫浗姘戝厷鍥涘眾涓�涓叏浼?xì)锛屽囖Z換璁粌鎬葷洃閮ㄦ�葷洃錛岃礋璐ｅ叏鍥藉啗浜嬪鏍″拰鍥芥皯鐨勫啗浜嬫暀鑲層�傛鏃舵棩鏈笣鍥戒富涔夊凡鍗犻涓滃寳涓夌渷錛屾皯鏃忓嵄鏈烘棩鐩婃繁閲嶃�傛潕嫻庢繁涓嶄互鑷繁鐨勮繘閫�钀︽��錛屽笇鏈涢�氳繃姝よ亴錛岃兘鎻愰珮鏀垮簻鎶靛盡澶栦井鐨勫疄鍔涳紝瀹炵幇鑷繁鎶楁棩鏁戝浗鐨勬効鏈涖�備笉涔咃紝鏉庢祹娣辨敼浠誨啗浜嬪鍛樹細(xì)濮斿憳銆佸啗浜嬪鍛樹細(xì)鍔炲叕鍘呬富浠匯�?
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鍦ㄤ腑鍏卞�″鐨勬姉鏃ユ皯鏃忕粺涓�鎴樼嚎鐨勬棗甯滀笅錛屽浗鍐呭悇媧懼埆涔嬮棿錛屽湪鎶楁棩闂涓婏紝閫愭笎杈炬垚涓�鑷淬�?936騫?0鏈堬紝鏉庢祹娣辨帴鍙椾簡(jiǎn)涓叡鐨勨�滈�艱拫鎶楁棩鈥濅富寮犮�傝櫧鐒惰拫浠嬬煶鏇捐蔣紱佽繃浠栵紝閫氱級(jí)榪囦粬錛屽紑闄よ繃浠栫殑鍏氱睄錛屼絾浠栧績(jī)鑳稿紑闃旓紝涓嶈縐佹�紝澶勫浠ュ浗瀹舵皯鏃忓埄鐩婁負(fù)閲嶃�備粬鏍規(guī)嵁褰㈠娍鐨勫彂灞曪紝閲嶆柊鍒跺畾浜?jiǎn)鍚岀洘鐨劸U查錛屾斁寮冧簡(jiǎn)鍙嶈拫鐨勫彛鍙鳳紝鎻愬嚭鈥滅粍緇囨姉鏃ュ浗闃叉斂搴滐紝鎴愮珛鍏ㄥ浗鎶楁棩鑱斿啗鈥濄�?
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棣栧厛錛屾潕嫻庢繁鑱樿浜?jiǎn)涓�鎵逛腑鍏卞厷鍛樺拰鐖卞浗姘戜富浜哄＋鍒板鍛樹細(xì)鎴栧垎浼?xì)鋼Q鑱屻�傛潕嫻庢繁鍦ㄤ簤鍙栧埌钂嬩粙鐭崇殑璁稿彲鍚庯紝浠ュ懆鎭╂潵銆佽懀蹇呮銆佺帇鏄庣瓑浠ｈ〃涓叡涓鴻浼?xì)濮斿憳锛岃寮犲弸娓斻�佹榫氬漿銆佽儭鍏扮暒銆侀櫠琛岀煡銆侀粍鐐庡煿銆侀珮宕囨皯銆佸鏂廣�佸垬涓�宄扮瓑鍚勫厷媧句漢澹湪璇ヤ細(xì)浠昏亴銆傛潕嫻庢繁縐瀬寮�灞曟姉鏃ユ皯涓繪椿鍔紝鍔姏淇?jī)杩涘浗鍏变袱鍏氱殑鎺ヨЕ鍜岃仈绯诲Q屽崗鍔╀腑鍥藉叡浜у厷鍋氫簡(jiǎn)璁稿宸ヤ綔錛屽ぇ鍔涙敮鎸佷簡(jiǎn)榪涙鍔涢噺銆?
鍏舵錛屾潕嫻庢繁鏀寔鈥滄垬鍦板駭璋堜細(xì)鈥濓紝浣垮湪娓濈殑鐖卞浗姘戜富浜哄＋鍜屾棤鍏氭淳榪涙浜哄＋鏈変簡(jiǎn)涓�涓繘琛屾姉鎴樻椿鍔ㄨ緝涓哄浐瀹氱殑緇勭粐褰㈠紡鍜屽満鎵�銆傛姹夈�佸箍宸炴撥闄峰悗錛屽師鏉ユ椿璺冧簬鍚勫湴鐨勬皯涓諱漢澹拰紺句細(xì)鍚嶆祦綰風(fēng)悍瑗跨Щ閲嶅簡(jiǎn)錛屼粬浠兘鏈変竴鑵旀姉鏃ョ儹琛�錛屽挨鍏舵槸瀵硅拫浠嬬煶鏃ョ泭娑堟瀬鐨勬姉鏃ヨ鍔ㄥ崄鍒嗕笉婊★紝鍙槸澶勪簬鍒嗘暎鐘舵�併�備腑鍏卞崡鏂瑰眬寰堝笇鏈涜兘鏈変竴涓叕寮�鍚堟硶緇勭粐鏉ュ洟緇撳嚌鑱氬湪娓濈殑鎶楁棩姘戜富鍔涢噺銆備簬鏄閽變繆鐟?涓叡鍏氬憳錛屽叕寮�韜喚鏄晳鍥戒細(xì)鎴愬憳)鍑洪潰緇勭粐涓�涓�滄垬鍦板駭璋堜細(xì)鈥濄�傝繖涓駭璋堜細(xì)寰楀埌浜?jiǎn)鏉帇箮娣辩殑鎵瑰噯銆佷繚鎶ゅ拰鏀寔錛屽伐浣滃緢蹇氨寮�灞曡搗鏉ヤ簡(jiǎn)錛屾垚涓轟腑鍏變笌鍦ㄦ笣鍚勬皯涓繪淳鑱旂郴鐨勪竴涓噸瑕佹ˉ姊併�?
鍐嶆錛屽崗璋冩垬鍦板浗鍏變袱鍏氥�佷袱鍐涘叧緋伙紝灝藉姏闃繪鍐茬獊錛岃皟澶勨�滅（鎿︹�濅簨浠躲�傛潕嫻庢繁浠昏亴鏈熼棿錛屾鍊煎浗鍏卞悎浣滈�愭笎榪涘叆鍥伴毦鏃舵湡錛屽悇鍦扮（鎿﹁凱璧楓�備負(fù)浜?jiǎn)鍧氭寔鍥⒕l撴姉鎴橈紝宸╁浐緇熶竴鎴樼嚎錛屽叡浜у厷鐪熻瘹甯屾湜閫氳繃鍙屾柟璋堝垽瑙ｅ喅紓ㄦ摝銆傚洜姝わ紝鍥藉叡闂寸粡甯鎬婦琛岄噸瑕佽皥鍒わ紝鍥芥皯鍏氭柟闈互浣曞簲閽︿負(fù)浠ｈ〃錛屽叡浜у厷鏂歸潰浠ュ彾鍓戣嫳涓轟唬琛紝鑰屾潕嫻庢繁鍒欐槸涓粙浜恒�傛瘡嬈¤皥鍒や箣鍓嶏紝鍙跺墤鑻辨�繪槸鍜屾潕嫻庢繁鍏堣鎺ヨЕ銆傚湪浼?xì)璋堜腑锛屾潕娴庢繁澶氬崐鏄敮鎸佷腑鍏便�傚崕鍖楁垬鍖烘槸鎶楁棩涓昏鎴樺満錛岄偅閲岀殑鍥藉叡鍥㈢粨濂藉潖錛屽鎶楁垬鍏ㄥ眬鍏崇郴寰堝ぇ銆傚洜姝わ紝鏉庢祹娣卞姏鑽愮帇钁嗙湡鍑轟換鍐�瀵熷厷鏀垮垎浼?xì)鍓钢M換濮斿憳銆傜帇钁嗙湡涓婁換浼婂錛屾鏄浗姘戝厷鍙戝姩絎竴嬈″弽鍏遍珮娼紝闄曘�佺敇銆佹檵鍦板尯鍥藉叡鍏崇郴鍓戞嫈寮╁紶涔嬫椂銆傛潕嫻庢繁璇風(fēng)帇钁嗙湡浠ユ棫鐩歌瘑韜喚鍘繪礇闃沖仛絎竴鎴樺尯鍙鎬護(hù)闀垮畼鍗珛鐓岀殑宸ヤ綔錛屽姖鍛婂崼绔嬬厡錛屸�滃ぇ鏁屽綋鍓嶏紝搴旇鍏卞悓鎶楁棩錛屽悓瀹ゆ搷鎴堝彧鑳界粰渚電暐鑰呭彲涔樹箣鏈衡�濄�傚湪鎴樺湴鍏氭斂濮斿憳浼?xì)鐨勫姫鍔涗笅锛屾湵瀵d銆佸崼绔嬬厡杈炬垚浜?jiǎn)鍗忚锛屽崼涓嬩护鍚勫啗鍋滄鏀诲嚮瑙ｆ攽謱哄Q岀涓�鎴樺尯鍑虹幇鍥㈢粨鎶楁垬鐨勫眬闈紝钂嬩粙鐭寵繘鏀繪檵涓滃崡瑙ｆ斁鍖虹殑闃磋皨褰誨簳鐮翠駭銆?
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鏉庢祹娣卞埌浠諱笉涔咃紝鍥芥皯鍏氶〗鍥烘淳鎺�璧風(fēng)浜屾鍙嶅叡楂樻疆錛屾緋誨綋灞�榪介殢钂嬩粙鐭沖弽鍏便�傛潕嫻庢繁宸у鍦板埄鐢ㄨ拫妗備箣闂寸殑鐭涚浘錛屽鏉庛�佺櫧璇達(dá)細(xì)鈥滃箍瑗垮崗鍔╁弽钂嬪垎瀛愮寮�妗傛灄錛屼互鍚庡騫胯タ鏈夊埄鏃犲紛銆傗�濈敱浜庢潕嫻庢繁鐨勫姖鍛婏紝妗傜郴瀵硅繘姝ヤ漢澹笉鏁㈡妸浜嬫儏鍋氱粷錛屾潕嫻庢繁浠ヨ嚜宸辯殑鍦頒綅鍜屽獎(jiǎng)鍝嶏紝淇濇姢浜?jiǎn)妗傛灄鍏矾鍐涘姙浜嬪锛屾帺鎶ゅ拰钀ユ晳浜?jiǎn)澶ф壒鍏變駭鍏氬憳鍜岃繘姝ユ枃鍖栦漢澹�?
1940騫?2鏈?4鏃ワ紝鍥芥皯鍏氬啗鏀塊儴涓嬩護(hù)妗傛灄鍏礬鍐涘姙浜嬪闄愭湡鎾ら攢銆傜粡榪囨潕嫻庢繁鐨勭枏閫氥�佷簤鍙栵紝妗傛灄鈥滃叓鍔炩�濆緱浠ュ歡闀夸竴涓湀鏃墮棿銆傛潕嫻庢繁榪樻寚紺烘湁鍏充漢鍛橈紝瀵光�滃叓鍔炩�濅漢鍛樼殑鎾ょ鍙?qiáng)鐗╄祫铦{榪愮粰浜堟柟渚褲�傚湪鏉庣殑甯姪涓嬶紝鈥滃叓鍔炩�濇湁鍏呭垎鐨勬椂闂村仛濂界墿璧勮漿榪愬伐浣溿�傚氨鍦ㄨ漿榪愬伐浣滃皢緇撴潫鏃訛紝鍥芥皯鍏氱壒鍔″寘鍥翠簡(jiǎn)鈥滃叓鍔炩�濄�傛儏鍐靛崄鍒嗗嵄鎬ャ�傛潕嫻庢繁鍙?qiáng)鏃堕�氱煡鈥滃叓鍔炩�濅漢鍛橈紝榪樹負(fù)浠栦滑鐨勬挙紱誨噯澶囦簡(jiǎn)閫氳璇侊紝浣挎潕鍏嬪啘涓�琛屽畨鍏ㄧ寮�妗傛灄銆?
鐨栧崡浜嬪彉鍚庯紝鍥芥皯鍏氱壒鍔″噯澶囧鈥滄柊瀹夋梾琛屽洟鈥濅笅姣掓墜銆傛潕嫻庢繁绔嬪嵆閫氱煡鏉庡厠鍐滅粍緇団�滄柊鏃呪�濆垎鎵硅漿縐匯�傚綋鏃訛紝鈥滄柊鏃呪�濇病鏈夐挶錛岄毦浠ュ姩韜紝璇鋒眰鏉庢祹娣卞府蹇欍�傛潕鐢ㄨ嚜宸辯殑媧ヨ創(chuàng)璧勫姪浜?jiǎn)鈥滄柊鏃呪�?0浣欎漢璐圭敤錛屼嬌鈥滄柊鏃呪�濆畨鍏ㄨ漿縐誨埌鑻忓寳瑙ｆ斁鍖恒�備腑鍏卞厷鍛樺紶鍙嬫笖浠庨噸搴?jiǎn)鎾ゅ埌妗傛灄锛屽噯澶囪荡娓�傛潕鐭ラ亾鍚庯紝鎶婂紶璇峰埌瀹墮噷璁懼鎷涘緟錛岃繕璁炬硶甯拱鏈虹エ銆傞偣闊鍦ㄩ噸搴?jiǎn)韬插紑鍥芥皯鍏氱壒鍔＄殑鐩戣錛岀瀵嗗埌妗傛灄杞線棣欐腐錛岃鏉庢祹娣卞府蹇欍�傛潕鍚閭圭殑澶勫鍗佸垎鍗遍櫓錛岄┈涓婃壘浜轟負(fù)閭規(guī)媴淇濓紝璁炬硶涔板埌鏈虹エ銆傛鏃ワ紝钂嬩粙鐭崇煡閬撻偣鍒頒簡(jiǎn)妗傛灄錛屾�ョ數(shù)妗傛灄褰撳眬鈥滃潥鍐蟲尳鐣欌�濓紝浣嗛偣宸茬粡涓婁簡(jiǎn)椋炴満錛岃拫鏃犲彲濂堜綍銆?
钂嬩粙鐭沖鏉庢祹娣卞湪妗傛灄縐瀬寮�灞曟姉鏃ユ皯涓繪椿鍔紝緇存姢榪涙姘戜富鍔涢噺錛屾瀬涓轟笉婊°�?943騫?鏈堬紝钂嬩笅浠ゆ挙閿�妗傛灄鍔炲叕鍘呫�?2鏈堬紝鐢?shù)渥o(hù)鏉庢祹娣辮蕩娓濅換鍐涗簨鍙傝闄㈤櫌闀褲�傛潕嫻庢繁鍐沖績(jī)鍦ㄦ鍧氭寔鎶楁棩姘戜富鏂椾簤錛岀數(shù)杈炰笉灝便�?944騫?鏈堬紝鏉庢祹娣便�侀儹寰鋒磥銆侀緳縐箣銆佹煶浜氬瓙銆佺敯姹夈�佹闃充簣鍊╃瓑鍙戣搗鎴愮珛妗傛灄鏂囧寲鐣屾墿澶у姩鍛樻姉鎴樺浼犲懆宸ヤ綔濮斿憳浼?xì)銆傚悓鏈?8鏃ャ�?9鏃ワ紝鏉庢祹娣卞弬涓庘�滃浗鏃楃尞閲戝ぇ娓歌鈥濓紝浜茶嚜棰嗛槦涓婅鍕熸崘銆傚皢鎹愬埌鐨勯挶鐗╀竴閮ㄥ垎閫佸埌婀樻鍓嶇嚎鎱板姵鍥芥皯鍏氬啗闃熺殑鎶楁棩灝嗗＋錛屼竴閮ㄥ垎閫佸線鍏礬鍐涢┗閲嶅簡(jiǎn)鍔炰簨澶勮漿緇欏叓璺啗鍜屾柊鍥涘啗銆傛潕嫻庢繁榪樻敮鎸佷腑鍏遍瀵間笅鐨勪竴涓粺鎴樼粍緇団�斺�旀鏋楁枃鍖栫晫鎶楁垬宸ヤ綔鍗忎細(xì)騫朵換浼?xì)闀裤�?
涓轟簡(jiǎn)鎽嗚劚钂嬩粙鐭崇殑涓嶆柇綰犵紶錛岄泦涓簿鍔涙洿濂藉湴浠庝簨鎶楁棩鏁戜骸媧誨姩錛屾潕嫻庢繁浠ュ吇鐥呬負(fù)鍚嶏紝鍥炶媿姊ц�佸錛岀瓑寰呮椂鏈猴紝緇勭粐鎶楁棩姝﹁鍔涢噺錛岀戶緇潥鎸佹枟浜夛紱鍚屾椂錛屾妸鍦ㄦ鏋楃殑鎶楁棩姘戜富鍔涢噺錛屼篃閲嶇偣杞Щ鍒版涓滀竴甯︺�?
1944騫村錛屾棩鍐涙敾闄烽暱娌欙紝琛￠槼鍛婃�ワ紝騫胯タ鍗卞湪鏃﹀銆傚箍瑗跨渷鏀垮簻涓嬩護(hù)榪佺Щ錛岃�屾潕嫻庢繁鍐沖績(jī)鐣欏湪鏁屽悗錛屼笌鏁屽懆鏃嬨�備粬璇達(dá)細(xì)鈥滆拫浠嬬煶涓嶈鐨勫湡鍦幫紝鎴戜滑瑕侊紝浠栦笉瑕佺殑浜烘皯錛屾垜浠銆傛垜浠鍜屼漢姘戝潥鎸佸湪鏁屽悗鏂椾簤錛岀洿鍒拌儨鍒┿�傗�?鏈堬紝鍛ㄦ仼鏉ラ�氳繃鑳″笇鏄庡悜鏉庢祹娣辮漿杈懼彛璁細(xì)濡傛灉鏃ュ啗榪涙敾妗傛灄錛屾潕鏈�濂芥槸鍥炲埌鑻嶆ⅶ澶у潯瀹朵埂錛岀粍緇囨皯浼楁瑁咃紝閰嶅悎鍦頒笅鍏氭父鍑婚槦鍏卞悓鎶楁棩銆傝繖鎰忚涔熸濂藉悓鏉庢祹娣辯殑涓誨紶鐩稿悎銆傛潕嫻庢繁鍥炲埌瀹朵埂鍚庯紝媧句漢鍒拌春鍘褲�佹槶騫充竴甯︼紝涓庣枏鏁ｅ湪褰撳湴鐨勬皯涓諱漢澹仈緋伙紝緇勭粐鏄鉤鍘胯嚜鍗鍛樹細(xì)錛岃繕鎺堟剰鏉庢矝闇栧湪澶у潯鎴愮珛鈥滃崡鍖烘姉鏃ヨ嚜娌誨鍛樹細(xì)鈥濓紝緇勭粐鎶楁棩姝﹁錛屾姉鍑?yán)L棩鍐涳紝淇濇姢澶у潯涓�甯︾兢浼楃殑瀹夊畞銆傚懆鎭╂潵鍗佸垎鍏沖績(jī)鏉庢祹娣卞湪鏁屽悗鐨勬姉鏃ユ椿鍔紝1944騫?1鏈堬紝鍛ㄦ仼鏉ユ寚紺轟笢姹熺旱闃熸淳涓撲漢鍘繪壘鏉庢祹娣憋紝鍑嗗鈥滀互浠栦負(fù)涓績(jī)錛岃仈緇滆敗寤烽敶銆佸紶鐐庣瓑錛屽湪瑗垮崡鏁屽悗涓庢湭娌﹂櫡鍖哄緩绔嬪崐鐙珛鎬х殑鎶楁棩姘戜富鏀挎潈鈥濄�?
1944騫?2鏈?5鏃ワ紝鏉庢祹娣辯敱澶у潯灞辮搗紼嬧�滃崡宸♀�濓紝娌塊�旀叿鎱ㄩ檲璇嶏紝鍙戝姩姘戜紬鎶楁棩銆備粬鍜岃敗寤烽敶銆佽礙鍚棰嗗鐨勪笁緗楁皯浼楁瑁呮姉鏃ユ寚鎸ラ儴錛屼笌涓叡棰嗗鐨勭菠涓儴闃熴�佷笢姹熺旱闃熴�侀儊鍗楀幙姘戜紬姝﹀姏鎸囨尌閮ㄧ瓑緇勭粐寤虹珛浜?jiǎn)鑱斁p伙紝甯﹂妗傚崡姘戜紬鍧氭寔鏁屽悗鏂椾簤銆?
涓崕浜烘皯鍏卞拰鍥界殑鍓富甯?
1949騫?鏈?1鏃? 鍦ㄥ寳浜腑鍗楁搗鎬�浠佸爞涓捐鐨勪腑鍥戒漢姘戞斂娌誨崗鍟嗕細(xì)璁涓�嬈″叏浣撲細(xì)璁紝鏄紑鍥戒箣浼?xì)銆佺珛鍥戒箣浼?xì)锛屼腑鍗庝汉姘戝叡鍜屽浗浠庢璇炵敓浜?jiǎn)錛?
姘戦潻涓ぎ涓誨腑鏉庢祹娣變笌涓叡涓ぎ涓誨腑姣涙辰涓溿�佹皯鐩熶腑澶富甯紶婢滅瓑涓浗鍚勬斂鍏氥�佸悇浜烘皯鍥綋鐨勪唬琛ㄤ竴璧瘋蛋鍏ヤ腑鍗楁搗錛屽嚭甯簡(jiǎn)榪欐鍘嗗彶鎬х洓浼?xì)銆?
鍦ㄨ繖涓細(xì)涓婏紝鏉庢祹娣變笌姣涙辰涓溿�佹湵寰楓�佹矆閽у剴銆侀儹娌嫢鍏卞悓鎷呬換浼?xì)璁墽琛屼刚d腑銆備細(xì)璁殑浠誨姟鏄埗瀹氫腑鍥戒漢姘戞斂娌誨崗鍟嗕細(xì)璁叡鍚岀翰棰嗭紝鍒跺畾涓浗浜烘皯鏀挎不鍗忓晢浼?xì)璁殑缁劸l囨硶錛屽埗瀹氫腑鍗庝漢姘戝叡鍜屽浗涓ぎ浜烘皯鏀垮簻鐨勭粍緇囨硶錛岄�変婦涓浗浜烘皯鏀挎不鍗忓晢浼?xì)璁殑鍏ㄥ浗濮斿憳浼?xì)錛岄�変婦涓崕浜烘皯鍏卞拰鍥戒腑澶漢姘戞斂搴滃鍛樹細(xì)錛屽埗瀹氫腑鍗庝漢姘戝叡鍜屽浗鐨勫浗鏃楀拰鍥藉窘錛屽喅瀹氶閮藉拰綰厓錛屽甯冧腑鍗庝漢姘戝叡鍜屽浗鐨勬垚绔嬨�?
鍦ㄦ斂鍗忎細(xì)涓婏紝鏉庢祹娣變唬琛ㄤ腑鍥藉浗姘戝厷闈╁懡濮斿憳浼?xì)浣滀簡(jiǎn)閲嶈鍙懎a�銆備粬棣栧厛鎸囧嚭:涓浗浜烘皯鏀挎不鍗忓晢浼?xì)璁殑鍙紑錛屸�滄樉紺虹潃涓浗浜烘皯絀哄墠鐨勫ぇ鍥㈢粨鈥濓紝涔熲�滄樉紺虹潃浜烘皯鐨勬柊涓浗鐨勫厜杈夌伩鐑傜殑鍓嶇▼鈥濄�傚ぇ浼?xì)涔嬫墍浠ヨ兘澶熷彫寮�錛屸�滃簲鎰熻阿涓浗鍏變駭鍏?0澶氬勾鐨勮壈鑻﹀鏂楀拰姝ｇ‘棰嗗錛屾劅璋腑鍥戒漢姘戣В鏀懼啗鐨勮嫳鍕囦綔鎴橈紝鎰熻阿鍏ㄥ浗浜烘皯涓庡弽闈╁懡鍔垮姏闀挎湡鎼忔枟錛屼互鍙?qiáng)鍚勬皯涓诲厷娲俱�佸悇浜烘皯鍥綋鍜屼竴鍒囩埍鍥芥皯涓諱漢澹殑鍏卞悓鍔姏銆傗�濇潕嫻庢繁浠ｈ〃涓浗鍥芥皯鍏氶潻鍛藉鍛樹細(xì)閮戦噸琛ㄧず錛氣�滃畬鍏ㄨ禐鍚屸�濅漢姘戞斂鍗忕澶囦細(xì)鍚戝ぇ浼?xì)鎻愬嚭鐨勬斂鍗従l勭粐娉曘�佹斂搴滅粍緇囨硶銆佸叡鍚岀翰棰嗙殑鑽夋錛屽洜涓衡�滆繖涓崏妗堢殑鍩烘湰綺劇鍜屽叏閮ㄥ唴瀹規(guī)鏄腑鍥戒漢姘戣繎鐧懼勾鏉ヨ壈鑻﹀鏂楄拷姹傚疄鐜扮殑鐩爣錛屾洿涓庢垜鍏氬垱濮嬩漢瀛欎腑灞卞厛鐢熺殑闈╁懡鐞嗘兂瀹屽叏絎﹀悎鈥濄�?
1949騫?鏈?0鏃ワ紝鍦ㄤ腑鍥戒漢姘戞斂娌誨崗鍟嗕細(xì)璁涓�灞婂叏浣撲細(xì)璁笂錛屾瘺娉戒笢褰撻�変負(fù)涓ぎ浜烘皯鏀垮簻涓誨腑錛屾湵寰楓�佹潕嫻庢繁銆佸畫搴?jiǎn)榫劷{夊綋閫変負(fù)涓ぎ浜烘皯鏀垮簻鍓富甯�?
涓崕浜烘皯鍏卞拰鍥藉緩绔嬩箣鍒濓紝鍥藉鐧懼簾寰呭叴錛屾潕嫻庢繁鎷呬換鍥藉棰嗗浜猴紝浠栨妸淇濇姢涓浗鐨勪紶緇熸枃鍖栥�佽繘琛岀鍥界殑鏂囧寲寤鴻錛屼綔涓鴻嚜宸變箟涓嶅杈炵殑鑱岃矗銆?
寤哄浗鍒濇湡錛屼腑鍥界敾鍜屼腑鍖昏嵂涓�鏍鳳紝涓嶈閲嶈錛岃澶氳憲鍚嶇敾瀹墮兘娌℃湁宸ヤ綔錛岀敓媧婚潪甯哥獦榪�備竴浜涙湅鍙嬪氨灝嗚繖浜涙儏鍐靛弽鏄犵粰鏉庢祹娣憋紝甯屾湜浠栬兘甯姪瑙ｅ喅榪欎簺鐢誨鐨勭敓媧誨洶闅撅紝鎵舵寔涓浗鐢葷殑鍙戝睍銆傛潕嫻庢繁鍗佸垎鍏蟲敞榪欎歡浜嬫儏銆傛湁嬈″紑浼?xì)鏃跺Q岃秮浼?xì)闂翠紤鎭Q屾潕嫻庢繁灝嗘浜嬪悜姣涙辰涓滀富甯綔浜?jiǎn)鎶ュ憡銆備粬瀵規(guī)瘺涓誨腑璇達(dá)紝鍥界敾鏄垜鍥界壒鏈夌殑浼犵粺鑹烘湳錛屾槸鎴戝浗瀹濊吹鐨勬枃鍖栭仐浜э紝鏄浗綺癸紝搴旇鎵舵寔涓浗鐢葷殑鍙戝睍銆備粬寤鴻錛屾垚绔嬩腑鍥界敾闄��傛瘺娉戒笢瀹屽叏璧炲悓浠栫殑寤鴻錛岀壒浜ゅ懆鎬葷悊鍔炵悊銆?957騫達(dá)紝涓浗鐢婚櫌鍦ㄥ寳浜寮忔垚绔嬨�?
媯嬭壓鏄漢綾誨彜鑰佺殑鏂囧寲鑹烘湳錛屼即闅忓巻鏈濆巻浠ｇ殑鍏磋“錛岃蛋榪囪壈杈涚殑閬撹礬錛屾槸鎴戝浗瀹濊吹鐨勬枃鍖栭仐浜т箣涓�銆?951騫達(dá)紝鍥存鍚嶅榪囨棴鍒濇壘鍒頒粬錛岃浠栨敮鎸佷腑鍥藉洿媯嬩簨涓氱殑鍙戝睍銆傛潕嫻庢繁绔嬪嵆鍐欎俊緇欐枃鍖栭儴闀挎矆闆佸啺錛屽悜浠栦粙緇嶈繃鏃垵鐨勬儏鍐碉紝鎻愬嚭鍦ㄥ寳浜垚绔嬫鑹虹爺絀剁ぞ寤鴻銆?952騫達(dá)紝緇忓懆鎭╂潵鎬葷悊鎵瑰噯錛屽寳浜鑹虹爺絀剁ぞ鎴愮珛銆傚垱紺懼垵鏈熺粡璐圭揣寮狅紝鏉庢祹娣辨叿鎱ㄨВ鍥婏紝鐢ㄥ浗瀹跺彂緇欒嚜宸辯殑鐢熸椿璐規(guī)敮浠樻紺懼拰宸ヤ綔浜哄憳鐨勭粡璐廣�傛紺懼紑灞曟椿鍔ㄩ渶瑕佸満鎵�錛屾潕嫻庢繁鍙堝啓淇＄粰鍖椾含甯?jìng)鍓競(jìng)闀垮紶鍙嬫笖璇锋眰甯姪瑙ｅ喯x埧灞嬮棶棰樸�傚湪鏉庢祹娣辯殑澶у姏鏀寔涓嬶紝鏂頒腑鍥界殑鍥存浜嬩笟鏈変簡(jiǎn)鑹ソ鐨勮搗姝ュ拰鍙戝睍銆?
鏉庢祹娣變俊浠頒經(jīng)鏁欙紝鍥犳鍜屽畻鏁欑晫浜哄＋涔熺浉浜ょ敋娣憋紝鎴愪負(fù)钁楀悕楂樺儳宸ㄨ禐娉曞笀銆佽櫄浜戞硶甯堢殑濂藉弸銆傚湪浠栫湅鏉ワ紝鎼炲ソ鏂頒腑鍥界殑浣?jīng)鏁欎簨涓氭槸鍋氬ソ缁熸垬宸ヤ綔鐨勪竴涓噸瑕侀�斿緞銆傚緩鍥藉垵鏈燂紝閴翠簬褰撴椂涓浗浣?jīng)鏁欑晫鎬濇兂娣蜂貢錛岀粍緇囨叮鏁ｏ紝闅句互閫傚簲紺句細(xì)闇�瑕佺殑棰撻潯鐘跺喌錛屽湪1950騫?鏈堝彫寮�鐨勫叏鍥芥斂鍗忎竴灞婁簩嬈′細(xì)璁笂錛屾潕嫻庢繁涓庤檔鏈村垵銆佸法璧炵瓑浜轟竴鑷存彁璁紝涓鴻瘡褰諱紶杈炬斂搴滅殑瀹楁暀鏀跨瓥錛岀籂姝ｄ經(jīng)鏁欑晫鍐呯殑閿欒鎬濇兂錛屽彂鎵噴榪︾墴灝間經(jīng)鐨勭湡綺劇錛屼負(fù)鍙嶆槧鍏ㄥ浗浣?jīng)鏁欑晫鍚効U嶆儏褰紝涓哄洟緇撳叏鍥戒經(jīng)鏁欑晫鍔涢噺錛屽垱鍔炰竴涓叏鍥芥�т經(jīng)鏁欏垔鐗┿�備笉涔呫�婄幇浠ｄ經(jīng)瀛︺�嬫潅蹇楁寮忓嚭鐗堝彂琛屻�傚悗鏉ワ紝浠栧張縐瀬鍗忓姪鍒涘緩浜?jiǎn)涓浗浣?jīng)鏁欏崗浼?xì)锛寴q欎袱欏逛婦鎺湁鍔涘湴鎺ㄥ姩浜?jiǎn)浣?jīng)鏁欏湪鏂頒腑鍥界殑鍙戝睍銆?
鐢變簬鏉庢祹娣卞悓鍏ㄥ浗鐨勬枃鍖栥�佹枃鑹恒�佸畻鏁欑瓑鍚勭晫浜哄＋鑱旂郴瀵嗗垏錛屾墍浠ユ瘡騫村叏鍥戒漢澶у拰鍏ㄥ浗鏀垮崗浼?xì)璁湡闂村Q岃繖浜涗漢澹兘瑕佸埌鏉庢祹娣辯殑瀹朵腑鎷滆錛岃�屾潕嫻庢繁鍒欎細(xì)鍦ㄥ涓瀹存寰呫�?955騫村浗搴?jiǎn)锛屾潕娴庢繁鍜屾瘺娉戒笢銆佸垬灝戝銆佹湵寰楓�佸懆鎭╂潵絳夊浗瀹墮瀵間漢鍦ㄥぉ瀹夐棬鍩庢ゼ涓婃闃呭簡(jiǎn)紲濆浗搴?jiǎn)鐨勬父琛岄槦浼嶅Q屽綋鏂囪壓鐣屻�佸畻鏁欑晫鐨勬父琛岄槦浼嶈蛋鍒板ぉ瀹夐棬鍩庢ゼ鏃訛紝姣涗富甯瑧鍛靛懙鍦板鏉庢祹娣辨墦瓚ｉ亾錛氣�滀綘鐨勯槦浼嶅埌浜?jiǎn)锛佲�濇潕嫻庢繁涔熺瑧鐫�璇達(dá)細(xì)鈥滆繖榪樻槸姣涗富甯殑闃熶紞銆傗�?nbsp;
浣滀負(fù)鏂頒腑鍥界殑閲嶈棰嗗浜轟箣涓�錛屾潕嫻庢繁澶氭鍑?guó)櫘裤�?955騫?鏈堬紝鏉庢祹娣卞拰鏈卞痙鐜囬涓浗浠ｈ〃鍥㈣闂湞椴滐紝鏈卞痙浠誨洟闀匡紝浠栦換鍓洟闀匡紝浠ｈ〃鍥㈠彈鍒版湞椴滄斂搴滃拰浜烘皯涓庝腑鍥戒漢姘戝織鎰垮啗鎬婚儴鐨勯殕閲嶆帴寰呭拰鐑儓嬈㈣繋銆傛潕嫻庢繁鍦ㄥ織鎰垮啗鎬婚儴鍙戣〃婕旇錛岄珮搴﹁禐鎵織鎰垮啗鐨勮嫳闆勪笟緇┿�備粬榪樺埌蹇楁効鍐涚儓澹鍜屾瘺宀歌嫳鐑堝＋澧撴暚鐚簡(jiǎn)鑺卞湀銆?956騫?1鏈堬紝褰湡涓哄洟闀匡紝鏉庢祹娣變負(fù)鍓洟闀跨巼涓浗鍏ㄥ浗浜烘皯浠ｈ〃澶т細(xì)浠ｈ〃鍥㈣闂嫃鑱斻�佹嘗鍏般�佹嵎鍏嬬瓑紺句細(xì)涓諱箟鍥藉銆?
鏂頒腑鍥藉緩绔嬪悗錛屼負(fù)浜?jiǎn)閫傚簲鏂扮殑褰㈠娍錛屽師鏉ョ殑鍚勬皯涓誨厷媧撅紝闇�瑕佽繘琛岀粺涓�銆傚湪鏉庢祹娣辯殑鍔姏涓嬶紝姘戦潻銆佹皯鑱斻�佹皯淇?jī)鍜屽浗姘戝厷鍏朵粬鐖卞浗姘戜刚d垎瀛愮粺涓�緇勬垚涓�涓粍緇団�斺�斾腑鍥藉浗姘戝厷闈╁懡濮斿憳浼?xì)銆備粬甯﹂姘戦潻鎺ュ彈涓浗鍏變駭鍏氱殑棰嗗錛屾嫢鎶ょぞ浼?xì)涓讳箟銆備粬鍚屼腑鍥藉叡浜у厷浜插瘑鍚堜綔錛屽姩鍛樺拰鍥㈢粨鍘熷浗姘戝厷鍙?qiáng)涓庡浗姘戝厷鏈夊巻鍙插叧绯荤殑錆h澹紝鍙傚姞紺句細(xì)涓諱箟寤鴻銆?
寤哄浗鍒濇湡錛屽湪鏉庢祹娣遍瀵間笅錛屾皯闈╃殑緇勭粐寤鴻銆佹�濇兂寤鴻閮藉彇寰椾簡(jiǎn)寰堝ぇ鐨勬垚緇┿�傛皯闈╃粍緇囩Н鏋佹姇鍏ュ弽灝佸緩鏂椾簤錛屼績(jī)榪涘浗姘戠粡嫻庢仮澶嶏細(xì)鍙傚姞鍦熷湴鏀歸潻銆侀晣鍘嬪弽闈╁懡銆佷笁鍙嶄簲鍙嶇瓑鍚勯」榪愬姩銆傛潕嫻庢繁璁や負(fù)錛岃繖鏄皯闈╄瘡褰諱漢姘戞斂鍗忋�婂叡鍚岀翰棰嗐�嬶紝瀹屾垚鏂版皯涓諱富涔夐潻鍛芥墍搴旇鎷呰礋鐨勫巻鍙蹭嬌鍛斤紝涔熸槸浣挎皯闈╁厷鍛樺彈鍒版暀鑲插拰閿葷偧鐨勫ソ鏈轟細(xì)銆?
1950騫?鏈堬紝鏈濋矞鎴樹簤鐖嗗彂錛岀編鍥藉嚭鍏墊彺鍔╁崡鏈濋矞錛屽茍媧劇涓冭埌闃熻繘鍏ュ彴婀炬搗宄°�?鏈?鏃ワ紝鏉庢祹娣卞湪鍖椾含浜烘皯騫挎挱鐢?shù)鍙板彂琛ㄣ�婂弽瀵圭編鍥界殑渚電暐琛屼負(fù)銆嬬殑璁茶瘽錛屽茍涓繪寔鍙紑姘戦潻涓ぎ甯稿姟濮斿憳浼?xì)锛寢z句腑澶父濮旇瀹濋┕鍙傚姞鈥滃叏鍥戒漢姘戝弽瀵圭編鍥戒鏡鐣ュ彴婀俱�佹湞椴滆繍鍔ㄥ鍛樹細(xì)鈥濄�?0鏈?5鏃ワ紝涓浗浜烘皯蹇楁効鍐涜法榪囬腑緇挎睙錛岃蕩鏈濆弬鎴樸�?1鏈?鏃ワ紝姘戦潻涓庝腑鍏卞強(qiáng)鍚勬皯涓誨厷媧句竴閬撳彂琛ㄣ�婅仈鍚堝璦�銆嬨�傝〃紺衡�滀腑鍥藉悇姘戜富鍏氭淳瑾撲互鍏ㄥ姏鎷ユ姢鍏ㄥ浗浜烘皯鐨勬涔夎姹傦紝鎷ユ姢鍏ㄥ浗浜烘皯鍦ㄥ織鎰垮熀紜�涓婁負(fù)鐫�鎶楃編鎻存湞淇濆鍗浗鐨勭鍦ｄ換鍔¤�屽鏂椻�濄�?
1951騫?鏈堬紝鏉庢祹娣卞搷搴斾腑鍥戒漢姘戞姉緹庢彺鏈濇�諱細(xì)鍙戝嚭鐨勨�滃悜蹇楁効鍐涙崘鐚鏈哄ぇ鐐�濈殑鍙峰彫錛屾垚绔嬩簡(jiǎn)鈥滄皯闈╂姉緹庢彺鏈濇崘鐚鍛樹細(xì)鈥濄�傛皯闈╁悇鍦扮粍緇囦篃綰風(fēng)悍鎴愮珛浜?jiǎn)鍒嗕細(xì)锛屽紑灞曟崘鐚伐浣溿�傛潕嫻庢繁榪樹翰鑷嚭甯簡(jiǎn)姘戦潻鎶楃編鎻存湞鎹愮尞濮斿憳浼?xì)鋴D琛岀殑搴ц皥浼?xì)迤堣璇濄�備粬瑕佹眰姘戦潻鎹愮尞鐨勯嬈＄洰鏍囧畾涓?5浜垮厓(鏃у竵)錛屽崐騫村畬鎴愩�備粬甯﹀ご璁ゆ崘錛屽皢鑷繁鍦ㄩ娓殑涓�鎵�鎴垮瓙鍗栨帀錛屾欏瑰叏閮ㄦ崘鐚�傜粨鏋滀粎5澶╂椂闂達(dá)紝15浜垮厓鐨勬崘鐚洰鏍囧氨宸茶秴棰濆畬鎴愩�?
1957騫?鏈堬紝涓叡涓ぎ鍚戝叏鍏氬彂鍑轟簡(jiǎn)銆婂叧浜庢暣椋庤繍鍔ㄧ殑鎸囩ず銆嬨�傚悓鏃惰姹傚悇姘戜富鍏氭淳鍚勪漢姘戝洟浣撳拰鍚勭晫浜烘皯鏈潃鈥滅煡鏃犱笉璦�錛岃█鏃犱笉灝解�濈殑綺劇錛岃鐪熷湴甯姪鍏變駭鍏氬悇綰х粍緇囧拰鍏ㄤ綋鍏氬憳鏁撮銆傜敱浜庣縐嶅師鍥狅紝姘戦潻鍜屽叾浠栨皯涓誨厷媧句竴鏍鳳紝涓�鎵歸暱鏈熶負(fù)姘戜富浜嬩笟濂嬫枟鐨勬皯闈╄�佹垬澹拰鍚勭駭棰嗗楠ㄥ共琚敊鍒掍負(fù)鍙蟲淳鍒嗗瓙錛屾皯闈╁悇綰х粍緇囩殑棰嗗鍔涢噺澶т負(fù)鍓婂急銆傚湪鍙嶅彸媧句互鍚庝竴孌墊椂闂翠腑錛屾皯闈╃殑宸ヤ綔闄蜂簬鍗婄槴鐥姸鎬併�傛潕嫻庢繁瀵規(guī)錛岄潪甯哥棝蹇?jī)銆?958騫?1鏈堬紝姘戦潻鍙紑絎洓嬈″叏鍥戒唬琛ㄥぇ浼?xì)锛尀绠″綋鏃垛�滃乏鈥濈殑鎬濇兂浠嶅緢涓ラ噸錛屼絾鍦ㄩ�変婦涓ぎ濮斿憳浼?xì)鏃跺Q屾潕嫻庢繁鎻愬悕宸茶鍒掍負(fù)鍙蟲淳鍒嗗瓙鐨勫師姘戦潻涓ぎ棰嗗鎴愬憳榫欎簯銆侀檲閾灑銆侀粍緇嶇珣銆佹潕淇婇緳絳変漢鍋氫腑澶鍛樼殑鍊欓�変漢錛屽茍瀵逛唬琛ㄤ滑榪涜璇存湇宸ヤ綔銆傚湪鏉庢祹娣辯殑鑰愬績(jī)璇存湇涓嬶紝榪欎簺浜洪兘褰撻�変負(fù)姘戦潻涓ぎ濮斿憳錛岄緳浜戣繕琚�変負(fù)涓ぎ甯稿銆傜敱浜庢皯闈╁洓澶т細(xì)鍋氬嚭浜?jiǎn)姒滄狓P紝鍚庢潵姘戦潻鍚勭渷甯?jìng)鍦版柟缁劸l囪繘琛屾敼閫夋椂錛屼篃閮芥湁涓�浜涘彈濮斿眻鐨勫悓蹇楀綋閫変負(fù)濮斿憳銆?
鏉庢祹娣變粠1948騫存皯闈╂垚绔嬪埌1959騫撮�濅笘鍓嶏紝涓�鐩存媴浠繪皯闈╀腑澶富甯亴鍔°�備粬涓烘皯闈╃殑浜嬩笟鍛曞績(jī)娌ヨ錛屾畾綺劇铏戯紝浣滃嚭浜?jiǎn)鍗摥憡璧A(chǔ)鐚�傜洿鍒板幓涓栧墠澶曪紝浠栬繕寮鴻皟姘戦潻涓�瀹氳鎺ュ彈鍏變駭鍏氶瀵鹼紝璧扮ぞ浼?xì)涓讳箟閬撹矾锛寴q欐槸姘戦潻鏈韓鍘嗗彶鍙戝睍鐨勮嚜鐒跺綊瀹匡紝鐘瑰姹熸渤涔嬪綊澶ф搗銆傚張璇達(dá)紝鎴戜滑瀵瑰叡浜у厷鎻愭剰瑙侊紝鍙戞尌鐩戠潱浣滅敤錛屸�滄�佸害蹇呴』璇氭伋錛岀敤璇嶄笉鍙繃嬋�鈥濓紝闀挎湡鍏卞瓨銆佷簰鐩哥洃鐫ｆ柟閽堟棦緇忔彁鍑猴紝鎴戜滑灝辮璐熻搗璐ｄ換鏉ワ紝鍗忓姪涓叡鎵ф斂涓嬪幓銆?
寤哄浗鍚庯紝鏉庢祹娣變竴鐩存妸瀹炵幇紲栧浗緇熶竴錛屽綋鎴愭皯闈╁拰浠栬嚜宸變箟涓嶅杈炵殑鍘嗗彶璐ｄ換銆備粬緇忓父鍕夊姳姘戦潻鎴愬憳錛岃涓哄疄鐜扮鍥界粺涓�錛屾尟鍏翠腑鍗庝綔鍑?guó)櫟A(chǔ)鐚�傛潕嫻庢繁涓庡浗姘戝厷鏈夊嚑鍗佸勾鐨勫巻鍙插叧緋伙紝鍦ㄥ彴婀劇殑鍐涙斂浜哄憳鏈夊緢澶氫漢鏄粬鐨勫悓浜嬪拰閮ㄥ睘銆傚洜姝わ紝浠栫壒鍒叧蹇?jī)鍘诲彴鐨勫浗姘戝厷錆h澹殑鍓嶉�斿拰鍛借繍銆?956騫?鏈?0鏃ヨ嚦2鏈?鏃ワ紝鏀垮崗浜屽眾浜屾浼?xì)璁湪鍖椾含鍙紑錛屽懆鎭╂潵鎬葷悊鍦ㄣ�婂伐浣滄姤鍛娿�嬩腑鎻愬嚭鈥滀簤鍙栧拰騫寵В鏀懼彴婀鋸�濈殑涓誨紶銆傛潕嫻庢繁涓嶄絾鎷ユ姢榪欎竴涓誨紶錛岃繕涓誨姩鍚戜腑鍏變腑澶〃紺猴細(xì)濡傛灉鏈夐渶瑕侊紝鍙版咕褰撳眬鍑嗚錛屼粬鍙互浜茶蕩鍙版咕鍋氳拫浠嬬煶鍏堢敓鐨勫伐浣溿�傚湪姘戦潻絎笁嬈″叏鍥戒唬琛ㄥぇ浼?xì)涓婂Q屾潕嫻庢繁寤鴻灝卞拰騫寵В鏀懼彴婀鵑棶棰樹綔鍑哄喅璁�佸彂琛ㄣ�婂憡鍙版咕鍐涙斂浜哄憳涔︺�嬨�傜敱浜庢皯闈╂垚鍛樺強(qiáng)鍏舵墍鑱旂郴鐨勭ぞ浼?xì)錆h澹腑鏈夊緢澶氫漢鐨勪翰灞炲湪鍙版咕錛屽洜姝や粬浠嬈ｉ紦鑸烇紝濂旇蛋鐩稿憡銆傚湪鏉庢祹娣辯殑涓繪寔涓嬫皯闈╂垚绔嬩簡(jiǎn)鈥滄皯闈╀腑澶拰騫寵В鏀懼彴婀懼伐浣滃鍛樹細(xì)鈥濄�傝繖涓満鏋勬垚绔嬪悗錛屽仛浜?jiǎn)澶ч噺宸ヤ綔迤堝彇寰椾簡(jiǎn)涓�瀹氱殑鏁堟灉銆?
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