鏉庢矝鐟訛紙1933鈥?996錛夛紝1986騫村姞鍏ユ皯闈╋紝鍘嗕換姘戦潻絎竷灞婁腑澶壇涓誨腑銆佺鍏眾涓ぎ涓誨腑銆?
鏉庢矝鐟跺箍瑗胯媿姊т漢錛?933騫?鏈?鏃ョ敓浜庨娓�傜埗浜叉潕嫻庢繁鏄憲鍚嶇埍鍥藉皢棰嗐�佹皯涓婚潻鍛藉銆佷腑鍥藉浗姘戝厷闈╁懡濮斿憳?shù)細(xì)鍒涘錆h銆侀瀵間漢銆傛潕娌涚懚鍚屽織鑷皬鍙楃埗浜茬殑鐔忛櫠錛屼笉浣嗘湁寮虹儓鐨勭埍鍥界儹鎯咃紝鑰屼笖鎶婃帴鍙椾腑鍥藉叡浜у厷鐨勯瀵箋�佽蛋紺句細(xì)涓諱箟閬撹礬浣滀負(fù)鍧氬畾涓嶇Щ鐨勬斂娌諱俊蹇點(diǎn)�傜壒孌婄殑瀹跺涵鑳屾櫙錛屽獎(jiǎng)鍝嶄簡(jiǎn)鏉庢矝鐟剁殑涓�鐢熴�?
涓ョ埗鎱堟瘝
鏉庢矝鐟舵槸鏉庢祹娣辯殑絎簲涓効瀛愶紝浣嗘寜鐓у涔＄殑涔?fàn)鎯Q岀畻涓婂彅浼厔寮燂紝浠栨帓琛岀鍏紝鍥犳寮熷浠兘縐板懠浠栧叓鍝ャ�?
鏉庢矝鐟跺嚭鐢熺殑鍓嶅悗錛屽叾鐖舵潕嫻庢繁姝ｅ繖浜庣粍緇囧弽瀵硅拫浠嬬煶鐙緇熸不鍜屽鏃ヤ笉鎶墊姉鏀跨瓥鐨勬椿鍔ㄣ�傛潕娌涚懚鐨勭騫存椂鏈熶富瑕佹槸鍦ㄦ瘝浜插弻縐�娓呯殑鍛墊姢涓嬪害榪囩殑銆傚弻縐�娓呮槸鏉庢祹娣辯殑絎簩浠誨瀛愶紝鍑?guó)欗n鏃椾漢錛岃櫧鐒跺澧冭傳瀵掞紝娌″彈榪囦粈涔堟暀鑲詫紝浣嗗嵈緇ф壙浜?jiǎn)婊℃棌濂冲瓙鍠勮壇寮�閫氥�佸媷浜庢媴褰撶殑鎬ф牸銆傝繖瀵規(guī)潕娌涚懚鍏勫紵濮婂鐨勬垚闀夸笌鎬ф牸褰㈡垚錛屾棤鐤戝叿鏈夋牴鏈�х殑褰卞搷銆傚彲鎯滐紝濂瑰湪鏂頒腑鍥芥垚绔嬪墠澶曞幓涓栦簡(jiǎn)錛屾湭鑳藉拰涓堝か瀛愬コ涓�鍚屽洖鍒板ぇ闄嗐�傚騫翠互鍚庯紝鏉庢矝鐟跺洖蹇嗚搗鑷繁鐨勭騫達(dá)紝鎬繪槸琛ㄧ幇鍑哄姣嶄翰娣辨繁鐨勬�濆康銆?989騫達(dá)紝宸茬粡鎷呬換鍏ㄥ浗鎬誨伐浼?xì)鍓刚d腑銆佸姵鍔ㄩ儴鍓儴闀跨殑鏉庢矝鐟舵浘鐜囬鍏ㄦ�諱唬琛ㄥ洟璁塊棶棣欐腐錛屽�熸満鎼哄悓鐖跺紓姣嶇殑濡瑰鏉庣妗︿負(fù)鑷繁鐨勬瘝浜叉壂澧擄紝浠栧濡瑰璇達(dá)細(xì)鈥滃湪鎵�鏈変翰浜轟腑錛屾垜鏈�鎬濆康鐨勫氨鏄垜鐨勬瘝浜層�傚ス鏇炬棩澶滀負(fù)鐖朵翰鎷呮儕鍙楁�曪紝榪樿鐓ч【浼楀瀛愬コ錛屾搷鎸佷竴澶у浜虹殑鐢熸椿錛屼負(fù)鎴戜滑鍚冧簡(jiǎn)閭ｄ箞澶氳嫤錛屽嵈娌℃湁絳夊埌榪囦笂涓�澶╁ソ鏃ュ瓙銆?
鈥?
鏉庢祹娣辨槸鏀挎不媧誨姩瀹訛紝浜ゅ線鐢氬錛岄鏈夐暱鑰呬箣椋庛�備粬鐨勫閲屾�繪槸瀹炬湅婊″駭錛岀敋鑷充笌浠栧彧鏈変竴闈箣浜ょ殑浜猴紝鍒頒粬瀹墮噷鍘誨悆楗紝浠栦篃榪庤嫢鐭ュ繁銆傝�屽綋鏃朵粬鍦ㄩ娓殑瀵撴墍錛屽張鏄�滀腑鍗庢皯鏃忛潻鍛藉ぇ鍚岀洘鈥濄�佲�滄皯闈┾�濈瓑鍙嶈拫鏀挎不緇勭粐鐨勬椿鍔ㄦ嵁鐐癸紝鍏朵漢鍛樼殑搴炴潅鍜屽鍔＄殑娌夐噸錛屽彲鎯寵�岀煡銆?
鐢變簬鏉庢祹娣卞繖浜庢斂娌繪枟浜夛紝瀵瑰瓙濂沖緢灝戦【鐩箋�備絾鍦ㄥ瀛愪滑鐨勭溂閲岋紝浠栨槸涓�涓弗鍘夌殑鐖朵翰銆傛潕娌涚懚涓婂皬瀛︿簩騫寸駭鏃訛紝鏈変竴嬈¤�冭瘯鎴愮嘩涓嶅ソ錛岀埗浜茬煡閬撳悗闈炲父鐢熸皵錛岃浠栧埌涔︽埧閲岀綒璺?0澶氬垎閽燂紝鐩村埌鐖朵翰鍔炲畬鍏簨錛屾墠璁╀粬璧鋒潵鍚冮キ銆備粬鐨勪竴浣嶅彅浼摜鍝ュ洜涓洪�冨錛岃鐖朵翰鍏充簡(jiǎn)鍗婁釜鏈堢闂�傝繖浜涗簨緇欎粬鐣欎笅浜?jiǎn)娣卞堈d嵃璞★紝涔熻浠栧吇鎴愪簡(jiǎn)鍙戝瀛︿範(fàn)鐨勫搧鏍箋�?
1949騫村澶╋紝鍦ㄤ腑鍏辯殑瀹夋帓涓嬶紝鏉庢矝鐟跺厔濡瑰甫鐫�涓ф瘝涔嬬棝錛屼粠棣欐腐鍖椾笂銆傚埌杈懼寳騫寵濺绔欐椂錛岀埗浜茬湅鍒頒粬浠噦涓婄殑榛戠罕錛屼笉紱佹礁鐒舵唱涓嬨�傝繖鍙兘鏄皬娌涚懚絎竴嬈¤鍒扮埗浜叉祦娉紝鍦ㄤ粬蹇?jī)鐩腑锛岀埗浜叉湁鍐涗汉鐨勬矇鐫�鍧氬己錛屾嘲灞卞穿浜庡墠涔熶笉浼?xì)鐪ㄧ湽{�?
鍦ㄥ寳騫籌紝鏉庢矝鐟惰繘鍏ヨ憲鍚嶇殑姹囨枃涓璇諱功銆傛眹鏂囦腑瀛﹀巻鍙叉?zhèn)犱箙锛屽垱鍔炰?871騫達(dá)紝鏈�鍒濇槸緹庡浗鍩虹潱鏁欏爞闄勮鐨勮挋瀛﹂錛?888騫存敼鍚嶄負(fù)鈥滄眹鏂囦功闄⑩�濓紝1904騫村張鏇村悕涓衡�滄眹鏂囧ぇ瀛﹀爞鈥濄�?918騫存眹鏂囧ぇ瀛﹂儴涓庡崕鍖楀崗鍜屽ぇ瀛︾瓑鍚堝茍鎴愮珛鈥滅嚂浜ぇ瀛︹�濓紙鏍″潃鍗充負(fù)鐜板寳浜ぇ瀛︽墍鍦ㄥ湴錛夛紝鐣欎笅澶у棰勭鍙?qiáng)涓閮ㄥQ岀О涓烘眹鏂囦腑瀛︺�?952騫村悗鏀瑰悕涓衡�滃寳浜競(jìng)絎簩鍗佸叚涓鈥濄�備腑鍏辮憲鍚嶅皢棰嗗江闆灚銆佸紶瀛︽�濓紝钁楀悕鑰冨彜瀛﹀璐懼叞鍧★紝钁楀悕瀛﹁�呫�佷功娉曞鍚姛錛屼袱寮逛竴鏄熺殑鍏冨媼鐜嬪ぇ鐝╃瓑浜猴紝鍧囧湪姹囨枃涓璇昏繃涔︺�?
鏉庢矝鐟跺湪榪欐墍涓鍙楀埌浜?jiǎn)寰堝ソ鐨勬暀鑲层�傚湪鑰佸笀鍜屽悓瀛︿滑鐪嬫潵錛屼粬涓嶄粎瀛︿範(fàn)浼樼錛岃�屼笖鏄釜娓╂枃灝?dāng)闆呫�佸叴瓚ｅ箍娉涚殑灝戝勾銆傝繖浜涘叴瓚ｄ竴鐩翠繚鎸佸埌浠栫殑鏅氬勾銆?
浠栫埍濂戒功娉曘�傚悗鏉ュ湪浠栨媴浠誨浗瀹墮瀵艱亴鍔℃椂錛屾浘鐣欎笅浜?jiǎn)涓崬畱棰樿瘝棰樺瓧銆備粠钁楀悕璁＄畻鏈烘暀鑲插銆佺鏅綔瀹惰礙嫻╁己錛屽埌鍐呮睙涓�涓笣緇囧巶鐨勫巶闀匡紱浠庤タ鍙岀増綰籌紝鍒板畨欏哄紑鍙戝尯錛涘彧瑕佷漢瀹惰姹傞瀛楋紝鏉庢矝鐟舵�繪槸鏉ヨ�呬笉鎷掋�備粬璇達(dá)紝涓嶆槸鎴戣寰楄嚜宸卞瓧濂斤紝鑰屾槸鐩涙儏闅懼嵈錛屽挶浣曞繀鎽嗘灦瀛愬憿錛?
浠栫埍濂芥憚褰憋紝鏇懼姩鎵嬫妸瀹墮噷鐨勪竴涓偍钘忓鏀歸�犳垚鏆楀錛岃嚜宸卞啿鑳跺嵎銆佹礂鐩搞�佹斁澶с�備粬鎬繪槸鎷夊厔寮熷濡圭粰浠栧綋鎽勫獎(jiǎng)妯＄壒錛屾悶寰楀ぇ瀹墮兘寰堢儲(chǔ)錛屽彲鍚庢潵錛屽閲屼繚鐣欎笅鏉ョ殑璁稿鐝嶈吹鐓х墖錛屽鏄潕娌涚懚榪欐牱鈥滅儲(chǔ)鈥濆嚭鏉ョ殑緇撴灉銆備粬鍘諱笘鍚庢病鏈夌暀涓嬩換浣曢仐浜э紝姣旇緝鐝嶈吹鐨勭珶鐒舵槸鍑犲彴涓嶅悓騫翠唬鐨勭収鐩告満銆?
浠栫埍濂介挀楸箋�傚師鍥藉姟闄㈠壇鎬葷悊涓囬噷鐨勫効瀛愪竾浼勘钁楁湁鏁ｆ枃闆嗐�婂厓鎴庣櫨濮撳叡鍨傜銆嬶紝鍏朵腑涓�綃囥�婃槬姘翠笢嫻佽瘽鏉庡叕鈥斺�斺�斿繂濂介挀鍙嬫潕娌涚懚鍓鍛橀暱銆嬶紝瀵逛粬鐨勯挀楸煎仛浜?jiǎn)缁嗚吶潥勬弿鍐欌�︹�?
鍒頒笅闈㈠幓
閭ｆ鏄叡鍜屽浗鐧懼簾寰呭叴鐨勬椂浠ｏ紝涔熸槸浜轟滑婊℃��甯屾湜涓庢縺鎯呯殑鏃朵唬銆傚叡鍜屽浗鎴愮珛浜?jiǎn)锛涗腑鍗庢皯鏃忚В鏀句簡(jiǎn)锛涗腑鍥戒汉姘戜粠姝ょ珯绔嬭典h潵浜?jiǎn)锛仒q欐槸姣涙辰涓滆嚜璞殑瀹ｇず錛屾洿鏄粷澶у鏁頒腑鍥戒漢鐨勫績(jī)澹般�傚叾瀹炰粠瀛欎腑灞卞紑濮嬶紝涓浗鐨勯潻鍛借�呭氨鎬�鐫�鍚屾牱鐨勬啩鎲細(xì)闈╁懡涓�鏃﹁儨鍒╋紝鍞竴鐨勪換鍔″氨鏄叏鍔涙姇鍏ヤ負(fù)紲栧浗瀵屽己鐨勫緩璁俱�傛潕嫻庢繁鍚屾牱濡傛銆傛垨璁告槸鍥犱負(fù)榪欐牱鐨勫師鍥狅紝涔熸垨璁告槸浠栧鑷繁涓�鐢熸斂娌昏鍔涗腑闄╂伓闃撮溇鐨勬繁鍒諱綋瀵燂紝浠栦笉鎰挎剰鑷繁鐨勫瓙濂寵蛋瀹︽搗娌夋誕鐨勮�佽礬錛岃�屾槸甯屾湜浠栦滑鎴愪負(fù)鎺屾彙鐜頒唬縐戝鐭ヨ瘑鐨勫浗瀹跺緩璁捐�呫�傚洜姝わ紝浠栨敮鎸佸効瀛愭姤鑰冧簡(jiǎn)娓呭崕澶у鑸┖緋伙紙鍚庢潵鏀瑰緩涓哄寳浜埅絀哄闄級(jí)銆?
涓撲笟瀛︿範(fàn)瀵逛簬鏉庢矝鐟惰繖鏍蜂竴涓悕鐗屼腑瀛︽瘯涓氱殑闈掑勾錛屽茍涓嶆槸娌夐噸鐨勮礋鎷呫�傚�掓槸鏂扮ぞ浼?xì)璁╀恨Z滑鐒曞彂鍑烘潵鐨勮摤鍕冪儹鎯咃紝涓庤澶氬喘鏂扮殑鏀挎不姒傚康錛屾劅鏌撲簡(jiǎn)浠栭偅騫磋交鑰岀函媧佺殑蹇?jī)鐏点�備粬鍍忓綋鏃跺崈鍗冧竾涓囬潚騫翠竴鏍鳳紝娓存湜鎷ユ姳鐏儹鐨勭敓媧伙紝娓存湜涓烘柊涓浗鐨勫緩璁捐礎(chǔ)鐚嚜宸辯殑闈掓槬銆傚綋鐒?dòng)灱屼篃鎻?fù)鏈涚潃緹庝附鍔ㄤ漢鐨勭埍鎯呫�備粬鏄垢榪愮殑錛屽湪瀛︿範(fàn)澶栬鐨勬椂鍊欙紝璁よ瘑浜?jiǎn)涓�浣嶇編涓芥枃闆呯殑濮戝錛屽緢蹇弻鍙屽潬鍏ョ埍娌籌紝澶у鏈瘯涓氾紝浠栦滑灝辯粨濠氫簡(jiǎn)錛屽茍涓旀湁浜?jiǎn)绗竴涓コ鍎褲�?
鏉庢矝鐟惰繖浣嶇涓�浠誨か浜哄闄堬紝鏄寳浜尰縐戝ぇ瀛︾殑瀛︾敓銆傚ス鍑?guó)欗n涔﹂闂ㄧ錛屽叾鐖舵槸鍖楀ぇ鏁欐巿銆傚湪濂?宀佹椂錛屽崲娌熸ˉ浜嬪彉鐖嗗彂錛岀埗浜插甫棰嗗鐢熷幓鍓嶇嚎澹版彺錛屽氨姝や竴鍘繪湭鍥炪�傚叾姣嶅氨璇諱簬鏃╂湡鍖楀鉤鑹轟笓錛岄鏈夌粯鐢誨ぉ鍒嗭紝鏇懼緱澶у笀榻愮櫧鐭寵祻璇嗕笌鐐規(guī)嫧銆?
1957騫達(dá)紝緇忚繃浜斿勾鐨勫ぇ瀛︾敓媧伙紝鏉庢矝鐟舵瘯涓氫簡(jiǎn)銆傛寜鐓т粬褰撴椂鐨勬潯浠跺拰瀹跺涵鑳屾櫙錛屽垎閰嶅湪鍖椾含宸ヤ綔寰堝鏄撱�備絾褰撴椂鍖椾含娌℃湁椋炴満鍒墮�犲巶銆傛潕娌涚懚瀹炰範(fàn)鏃舵浘鍘昏繃姹熻タ鐨勬椽閮芥満姊板巶錛屽綋鏃朵唬鍙封�滀笁浜岄浂鍘傗�濓紝鏄柊涓浗鏈�澶х殑鍐涚敤椋炴満淇�犱紒涓氥�傞偅閲岃偗瀹氭瘮鍖椾含鑹拌嫤錛屼絾鍦ㄦ潕娌涚懚鐨勫績(jī)鐩腑錛岄偅閲屾墠鏄粬澶у睍瀹忓浘鐨勫湴鏂廣�?
鏉庢祹娣變篃鏀寔鍎垮瓙鍒頒笅闈㈠幓銆備粬瀵瑰効瀛愯錛氣�滃湪鎴戣韓杈癸紝浣犵殑緲呰唨闀夸笉紜�備綘瑕佽蛋鑷繁鐨勮礬銆?
鈥?
浜庢槸錛屾潕娌涚懚鏉ュ埌浜?jiǎn)鍗楁槍锛屼粠姝ゅ湪杩欓噷涓�寰呭氨鏄?0騫淬�傜浜屽勾錛屼粬鐨勫瀛愭瘯涓氬悗涔熻拷闅忎粬鏉ュ埌浜?jiǎn)鍗楁槍銆?
浠栧厛鏄湪鍗楁槍鑸┖瀛︽牎鎷呬換鏁欏笀銆傚悗鏉ュ張鍦ㄦ椽閮芥満鍣ㄥ巶鍗沖悗鏉ョ殑鍗楁槍椋炴満鍒墮�犲叕鍙告媴浠繪妧鏈憳銆佸伐紼嬪笀銆佷富浠誨伐紼嬪笀銆佹暀鎺堢駭楂樼駭宸ョ▼甯堢瓑鑱屽姟銆?
鏉庢矝鐟朵粠寮�濮嬪氨鎶卞畾浜?jiǎn)鎵庢犚?guī)睙瑗跨殑淇″康銆備粬铏界劧澶氭鍥炰含鎺翰錛岃�屼笖鍥犲か濡誨伐浣滅箒蹇欙紙浠栧瀛愬湪鍚屼竴宸ュ巶鐨勮亴宸ュ尰闄㈠仛鍖葷敓錛夛紝鎶婁袱涓コ鍎垮瘎鎵樺湪鍖椾含宀蟲(chóng)瘝瀹躲�備絾浠庢湭璇曞浘璋冨洖鍖椾含銆?
鏉庢矝鐟跺鑷繁鐨勪笓涓氭妧鏈湁鍧氶煣鐨勬墽钁楋紝瀵圭敓媧繪湁騫挎硾鐨勪箰瓚ｃ�傚洜姝わ紝浠栧緢蹇氨铻嶅叆浜?jiǎn)褰撳湴鐨勭敓娲诲Q岃瀺鍏ヤ簡(jiǎn)宸ヤ漢緹や紬銆傚ぇ瀹跺浠栫殑縐板懠錛屼篃涓嶇煡涓嶈鍦扮敱鏂囬泤鐨勨�滄潕鑰佸笀鈥濆彉鎴愪簡(jiǎn)鐔熺〝鐨勨�滄潕甯堝倕鈥濄�?
浠栧涓撲笟鏄偅涔堝湴鐑》銆傛綔蹇?jī)閽荤爺锛寴q涜鎶�鏈潻鏂幫紝緙栧啓鎶�鏈暀鏉愶紝鎾板啓鎶�鏈鏂囷紝鍥犳鏇懼嬈¤幏寰楀厛榪涘伐浣滆�呯殑縐板彿銆?
浠栧浜烘槸閭ｄ箞鐑儏鍘氶亾銆傝皝瀹剁殑鏀墮煶鏈哄潖浜?jiǎn)锛屼粬灏卞幷d府鍔╀慨鐞嗭紱璋佸瀛╁瓙鍔熻涓嶅ソ錛屼粬灝卞幓甯姪杈呭銆?
浠栧鐢熸椿鏄偅涔堝叴瓚ｅ箍娉涖�傝煩鑸炪�佸敱姝屻�佹父娉熾�佹粦鍐般�佹憚褰便�侀挀楸鹼紝鎴栬鍥犱負(fù)榪欐槸鎺掕В浜虹敓鑻﹂椃鏈�濂界殑鏂瑰紡銆?
鏈夎嫤闂峰悧錛熸潕娌涚懚娌℃湁璇磋繃銆備絾浠庨偅涓勾浠ｈ繃鏉ョ殑鐭ヨ瘑鍒嗗瓙錛岃偗瀹氭湁鐫�涓嶅繀璦�璇寸殑鎰熷彈銆備漢鐢熷浣曟棤鎸姌錛熶綍鍐靛湪閭ｆ牱鐨勫巻鍙插ぇ鑳屾櫙涓嬨�傝嚦灝戞垜浠兘鑲畾鐨勬槸錛岃櫧鐒舵潕娌涚懚鎵�鍦ㄧ殑宸ュ巶鏇句負(fù)鎴戝浗絀哄啗寮�鍙戜簡(jiǎn)姝煎瓧緋誨垪鎴樻枟鏈猴紝浣嗗嵈娌℃湁璁╀腑鍥界殑鍐涚敤鑸┖鎶�鏈揪鍒頒笘鐣屽厛榪涙按騫熾�?
鎴戜滑榪樼煡閬撶殑鏄紝鏉庢矝鐟剁殑涓漢鐢熸椿涔熼亣鍒頒簡(jiǎn)鎸姌銆備粬鍜岀涓�浠誨瀛愬垎鎵嬩簡(jiǎn)銆傛垨璁稿洜涓烘�ф牸鍘熷洜錛熸垨璁稿洜涓烘枃闈╂椂鐨勬斂娌誨師鍥狅紵鎴栬鈥︹�︽垜浠笉鐭ラ亾錛屼粬鍜屽墠濡誨潎鍥為伩榪欎釜闂銆?
褰撶劧錛屽埌涓嬮潰鍘葷殑30騫達(dá)紝鏃犵枒瀵規(guī)潕娌涚懚鏉ヨ錛屾洿澶氱殑榪樻槸浜虹敓鐨勮儲(chǔ)瀵屻�?
瀵瑰熀灞傜敓媧葷殑娣卞埢浜?jiǎn)瑙ｅQ屾垚涓轟粬鍚庢潵璧頒笂棰嗗宀椾綅鏈�涓板帤鐨勫熀紜�錛涘宸ュ巶鍜屽伐浜虹殑鐞嗚В錛屼負(fù)浠栧湪鍔沖姩閮ㄥ拰鍏ㄦ�諱換鑱屾彁渚涗簡(jiǎn)榪呴�熻繘鍏ヨ鑹茬殑鎰熸儏縐瘡錛涘縐戝涓撲笟綺劇鐨勫疄璺靛拰鎶婃彙錛屽張璁╀粬鑳藉灝介噺鎽嗚劚瀹樺満褰㈠紡涓諱箟鐨勯檵涔?fàn)锛屾洿澶氬湴瑙ｅ啗_疄闄呴棶棰樸�?
1970騫達(dá)紝鏉庢矝鐟朵笌絎簩浠誨瀛愯鍏嬪潳緇撳銆傝鍏嬪潳鏄竴浣嶉煶涔愭暀甯堬紝鎬ф牸鐑儏澶ф柟錛岀壒鍒槸鍦ㄩ煶涔愬拰鑸炶箞涓婏紝鍜屾潕娌涚懚鏈夊叡鍚屽叴瓚ｃ�傚ス鍚庢潵涓烘潕娌涚懚鐢熶簡(jiǎn)涓�涓コ鍎褲�?
澶╅檷澶т換
20涓栫邯80騫翠唬錛岄殢鐫�鏀歸潻寮�鏀劇殑榪涚▼錛屼腑鍥界ぞ浼?xì)杩呴�熷彂鐢熷法澶у彉鍖栥�傜粡嫻庡彂灞曠殑鏃ョ泭澶嶆潅錛岀ぞ浼?xì)鍒╃泭鐨勫鍏儹憢鍔垮Q屽鐜版湁鐨勬斂娌繪不鐞嗘彁鍑轟簡(jiǎn)鏂扮殑瑕佹眰銆傜ぞ浼?xì)涓讳箟姘戜刚d拰娉曞埗寤鴻鎴愪負(fù)鍏辮瘑銆傜壒鍒槸鍦ㄩ倱灝忓鉤鎻愬嚭鏀挎不浣撳埗鏀歸潻璁炬兂涔嬪悗錛岀戶鎵夸腑鍥介潻鍛界殑浼樿壇浼犵粺錛屽畬鍠勫叡浜у厷棰嗗鐨勫鍏氬悎浣溿�佹斂娌誨崗鍟嗗埗搴︼紝绔嬪埢鎴愪負(fù)姘戜富寤鴻鐨勯噸鐐廣�?
姝ｆ槸鍦ㄨ繖鏍風(fēng)殑紺句細(xì)鑳屾櫙涓嬶紝鏉庢矝鐟剁殑浜虹敓閬撹礬鍙戠敓浜?jiǎn)鎬ュ墽鎬х殑鏍規(guī)湰鏀瑰彉銆?
1986騫達(dá)紝鏉庢矝鐟跺姞鍏ヤ腑鍥藉浗姘戝厷闈╁懡濮斿憳?shù)細(xì)锛屽悓骞存媴鋼Q姘戦潻姹熻タ鐪佸壇涓誨銆?988騫?鏈堬紝琚帹涓句負(fù)姹熻タ鐪佹斂鍗忓壇涓誨腑銆?988騫?鏈堬紝寮�濮嬫媴浠誨叏鍥芥斂鍗忓父濮斻�傚悓騫?0鏈堬紝琚�変負(fù)姘戦潻涓ぎ鍓富甯拰鍏ㄥ浗鎬誨伐浼?xì)鍓刚d腑銆佷功璁板涔﹁銆?989騫?鏈堬紝琚換鍛戒負(fù)涓崕浜烘皯鍏卞拰鍥藉姵鍔ㄩ儴鍓儴闀褲�?
濡傛榪呴�熺殑鑱屽姟鍗囪縼錛屽綋鐒舵湁鏉庢矝鐟朵笌姘戦潻鐨勬笂婧愬洜绱狅紝浣嗘洿鍜岀ぞ浼?xì)鏀挎踩潝煁z誨彉鍖栫殑闇�瑕佸瘑鍒囩浉鍏熾�傚寘鎷皯闈╁湪鍐呯殑涓浗姘戜富鍏氭淳錛屾浘鏄腑鍥藉叡浜у厷鍙栧緱鏂版皯涓諱富涔夐潻鍛借儨鍒╁拰寤虹珛鏂頒腑鍥界殑閲嶈杈呭姪鍔涢噺銆備絾鍚庢潵鍙楁瀬宸︽斂絳栫殑褰卞搷錛岀壒鍒槸鏂囧寲澶ч潻鍛芥湡闂達(dá)紝姘戜富鍏氭淳緇勭粐闀挎湡澶勪簬娌夊瘋鐦棯鐘舵�併�傛斂娌繪剰璇嗘秷娌夛紝浜哄憳鑰佸寲錛屾垚涓哄叾鍙戞尌鍙傛斂浣滅敤鐨勯噸瑕侀殰紕嶃�傚洜姝ゆ�ラ渶琛ュ厖涓�鎵瑰勾瀵屽姏寮虹殑騫查儴銆?
紱誨紑鑷繁鐔熸?zhèn)夌殑宸ソE嬫妧鏈矖浣嶏紝紱誨紑30騫存湞澶曠浉澶勭殑鍚屼簨錛屾潕娌涚懚紜疄鐘硅鮑榪囥�備粬鑸嶄笉寰楁斁寮冭嚜宸辯殑涓撲笟錛屼篃鎷呭績(jī)鑷繁涓嶈兘閫傚簲鏀挎不宸ヤ綔鍜岃鏀垮伐浣溿�傚悗鍥犲悇鏂歸潰鐨勯瀵煎嬈″仛浠栫殑宸ヤ綔錛屾椂浠繪皯闈╀腑澶壇涓誨腑鐨勬潕璧ｉ獫涔熷埌姹熻タ璇存湇浠栵紝鎵嶆渶緇堣浠栨帴鍙椾簡(jiǎn)鎬ュ墽闄嶄復(fù)鐨勯噸浠匯�?
1989騫存斂娌婚娉箣鍚庯紝涓叡鍔犲揩浜?jiǎn)鍥藉鏀挎舱d崗鍟嗙殑姘戜富鍒跺害寤鴻錛屽茍灝嗏�滃潥鎸佸拰瀹屽杽涓浗鍏變駭鍏氶瀵肩殑澶氬厷鍚堜綔鍜屾斂娌誨崗鍟嗗埗搴︹�濈撼鍏ヤ簡(jiǎn)瀹硶錛屼綔涓哄浗瀹剁殑鍩烘湰鍒跺害鍐呭銆傛鏄湪榪欐牱鐨勬儏鍐典笅錛?992騫?2鏈堬紝鏉庢矝鐟舵帴鏇垮凡鏄珮榫勭殑鏈卞鑼冿紝浠繪皯闈╀腑澶富甯�傛騫?鏈堬紝鍦ㄥ叏鍥戒漢澶т細(xì)璁笂錛屽張褰撻�変負(fù)鍏ㄥ浗浜哄ぇ甯稿浼?xì)鍓鍛橀暱锛屾垚湄?fù)鍥藉棰嗗浜恒�?
涓嶈礋浼楁湜
鍘熷姵鍔ㄩ儴閮ㄩ暱闃磭姝﹀湪鍥炲繂鏉庢矝鐟朵換鍔沖姩閮ㄥ壇閮ㄩ暱鍚庣殑宸ヤ綔鎯呭喌鏃惰錛屽姵鍔ㄩ儴鐨勪腑鍏卞厷緇勭粐鍜屼腑鍏卞厷鍛樺共閮ㄥ崄鍒嗗皧閲嶅拰淇′換鏉庢矝鐟訛紝澶у姏鏀寔浠栫殑宸ヤ綔銆傛潕娌涚懚涓嶄粎澶氭涓繪寔鍏ㄥ浗鎬х殑涓撻」宸ヤ綔浼?xì)璁Q屽崗璋冮儴闂ㄥ叧緋伙紝鑰屼笖褰撲富瑕侀儴棰嗗澶栧嚭鏃訛紝榪樺嬈′富鎸佸姵鍔ㄩ儴鐨勬棩甯稿伐浣滐紝涓繪寔閮ㄩ暱鍔炲叕浼?xì)璁�備綔涓洪潪涓叡棰嗗騫查儴錛屼粬榪樿閭�(gè)璇峰垪甯姵鍔ㄩ儴涓叡鍏氱粍浼?xì)璁拰鍏氬憳姘戜溉潝煁z諱細(xì)銆傞儴鍏氱粍瀛︿範(fàn)璁ㄨ涓ぎ鏂囦歡銆佺爺絀跺熀灞傚厷緇勭粐寤鴻銆佽璁哄喅瀹氶噸澶ч棶棰樺寘鎷漢浜嬩換鍏嶄簨欏規(guī)椂錛屼篃璇鋒潕娌涚懚鍙傚姞錛屽惉鍙栦粬鐨勬剰瑙併�傛潕娌涚懚鐩存帴棰嗗榪囧姵鍔ㄦ硶寰嬨�佹硶瑙勩�佹斂絳栫殑璧瘋崏鍒跺畾鍜岃瘡褰昏惤瀹炪�?
姝ｆ槸鏈変簡(jiǎn)榪欐牱鐨勭湡璇氫笌淇′換錛屾潕娌涚懚鎰熷彈鍒頒簡(jiǎn)宸ㄥぇ鐨勫姩鍔涘拰璐ｄ換銆備粬绔嬪埢鍏ㄨ韓蹇?jī)鍦版姇鍏ュ堫C簡(jiǎn)鏂扮殑宸ヤ綔涓紝鐢ㄨ繃鍘婚捇鐮旀妧鏈殑閭ｇ鍧氶煣綺劇錛屽紑濮嬬爺絀剁ぞ浼?xì)鏀挎踩澔弸箮闂銆傚嚒鏄拰浠栦竴璧峰伐浣滆繃鐨勫悓蹇楋紝鍚庢潵鍥炲繂錛岄兘瀵逛粬鍒昏嫤鐮旂┒鐨勭簿紲炪�佹繁鍏ヨ皟鏌ョ殑浣滈銆佽鐪熻礋璐ｇ殑鎬佸害錛屼互鍙?qiáng)蹇樻垜鐨勫伐浣滅儹鎯呮繁鏈夋劅鎱ㄣ�?
鏉庢矝鐟朵換鍔沖姩閮ㄥ壇閮ㄩ暱鏈熼棿錛屼富綆″氨涓氥�佽亴涓氬煿璁�佺ぞ浼?xì)淇濋殰鍜屽畨鍏ㄧ敓漶斿伐浣溿�傚綋鏃舵鏄垜鍥界粡嫻庝綋鍒跺紑濮嬪彂鐢熸牴鏈�у彉闈╃殑鏃舵湡銆傜敱浜庡啘鏉戝搴仈浜ф壙鍖呭埗搴︾殑鎺ㄥ箍瀹炴柦錛屼粎浠呭嚑騫寸殑鏃墮棿錛屽啘涓氱敓浜х巼灝卞ぇ騫呭害鎻愰珮錛岀伯椋熺敓浜х寷澧烇紝鍐滄潙鍔沖姩鍔涘嚭鐜板墿浣欙紝鍐滄皯寮�濮嬪ぇ閲忚繘鍏ュ煄甯?jìng)锛屽舰鎴愪簡(jiǎn)鈥滄皯宸ユ疆鈥濄�傝�屽綋鏃跺煄甯?jìng)涔熸澶勪簬灏变笟楂樺硯图屽姞涓婃踩潗嗘暣椤裤�佺粨鏋勮皟鏁寸瓑鍥犵礌錛屽氨涓氶棶棰樻棩鐩婁弗宄匯�傚浜庤繖鏍風(fēng)殑鏂伴棶棰橈紝浜轟滑鍦ㄨ璇嗕笂瀛樺湪宸ㄥぇ鐨勫垎姝с�備腑鍏扁�滃崄鍥涘ぇ鈥濈‘绔嬬ぞ浼?xì)涓讳箟甯?jìng)鍦虹粡嫻庝綋鍒舵柟鍚戜箣鍓嶏紝璁″垝緇忔祹閬楃暀涓嬫潵鐨勪紶緇熸�濈淮浣胯澶氫漢涓嶆効鎰忔壙璁ゅ姵鍔ㄥ姏甯?jìng)鍦虹殑浣滅敤锛涘煄涔″壊瑁傜殑浜屽厓缁弸箮浣撳埗鏇存伓鍖栦簡(jiǎn)杩涘煄鍔″伐鍐滄皯鐨勫澧冦�?
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浠庝赴瀵岀殑璋冪爺涓紝鏉庢矝鐟墮�愭笎褰㈡垚浜?jiǎn)姣旇緝娓呮櫚鐨勬�濊礬銆備粬榪樻煡闃呬簡(jiǎn)澶ч噺鍥介檯涓婂叧浜庡氨涓氥�佸啘鏉戝姵鍔ㄥ姏杞Щ浠ュ強(qiáng)鍩庡競(jìng)鍖栬繘紼嬬殑璧勬枡錛屾洿鍧氬畾浜?jiǎn)搴旇寰忕珛瑙勮寖鐨勩�侀�傚簲緇忔祹鍙戝睍闇�瑕佺殑鍔沖姩鍔涘競(jìng)鍦猴紝鐢ㄧ枏瀵艱�屼笉鏄牭濉炵殑鍔炴硶錛岀敤澶у姏鍙戝睍鍩庝埂宸ヤ笟鍜屽煄闀囧寲鐨勫姙娉曪紝瑙ｅ喅灝變笟鍜屾皯宸ユ疆闂銆備粬璇達(dá)細(xì)鈥滃繀欏誨府鍔┿�佹敮鎸佸啘姘戝氨鍦板氨榪戞壘鍑?guó)櫟\錛岃繖鏄牴鏈殑瑙ｅ喅鍔炴硶銆傗�濃�滆鍔犲己瀵瑰啘鏉戝姵鍔ㄥ姏杞Щ鐨勫紩瀵煎拰瀵瑰啘鏉戝氨涓氱殑鐮旂┒錛屼負(fù)瀹炵幇鍩庝埂緇熺灝變笟鎵撲笅鍩虹鈥濄�?
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浠栧崄鍒嗗皧閲嶅拰鎺ㄥ磭閭ｄ簺鍦ㄧ瀛︽妧鏈笂鏈夊垱閫犳�ф垚灝辯殑浜恒�傛垜鍥借憲鍚嶉�熺畻涓撳鍙蹭赴鏀跺氨鍜屼粬鏄煡浜わ紝騫跺緱鍒拌繃浠栫殑澶氭甯姪銆傚悗鏉ュ湪鏉庢矝鐟剁殑閬椾綋鍛婂埆浠紡涓婏紝鍙蹭赴鏀剁珶鎭稿摥澶卞０銆?
銆婂喎鍐插帇宸ヨ壓鎵嬪唽銆嬨�併�婅嫳姹夎埅絀鴻埅澶╁伐紼嬭瘝鍏搞�嬬瓑涔︾殑浣滆�呫�佺紪鑰呬篃閮借〃紺猴紝浠栦滑鐨勫伐浣滄浘寰楀埌鏉庢矝鐟剁殑鍏蟲(chóng)敞鍜屾敮鎸併�?
20涓栫邯90騫翠唬鍒濇湡錛屾垜鍥藉紑濮嬫帰绱㈠緩绔嬩笌甯?jìng)鍦壕l忔祹浣撳埗鐩擱�傚簲鐨勭ぞ浼?xì)淇濋殰鍒跺害銆傚浜庤繖鏍蜂竴欏瑰喘鏂拌�岃壈宸ㄧ殑宸ヤ綔錛屾潕娌涚懚鍊炬敞浜?jiǎn)澶ч噺蹇?jī)琛�銆?
1990騫村垵錛屽姵鍔ㄩ儴鎴愮珛浜?jiǎn)绀句細(xì)淇濋櫓鍒跺害鏀归潻鐮斀I跺皬緇勶紝鏉庢矝鐟舵媴浠葷粍闀褲�備粬甯﹂鐮旂┒灝忕粍鐨勫悓蹇楋紝鏍規(guī)嵁涓叡涓ぎ銆佸浗鍔￠櫌鐨勬寚紺虹簿紲烇紝閫氳繃騫挎硾璋冪爺錛屾彁鍑轟簡(jiǎn)紺句細(xì)淇濋櫓鏀歸潻鐨勬�諱綋瑙勫垝錛屼互鍙?qiáng)涓�緋誨垪閲嶈鐨勬斂絳栨柟妗堛�傚悗鏉ワ紝鍥藉姟闄㈡鏄湪緇煎悎鍖呮嫭鍔沖姩閮ㄥ湪鍐呭悇鐩稿叧閮ㄩ棬鐨勬柟妗堬紝紜畾浜?jiǎn)鍔冲姩淇濋櫓鏀归潻鐨勬�諱綋鍘熷垯浠ュ強(qiáng)鍏蜂綋鐨勬敼闈╁姙娉曘�?
鍔沖姩閮ㄧ巼鍏堥噰鍙栦簡(jiǎn)縐瀬鎺ㄥ姩浼佷笟鍏昏�佷繚闄╂敼闈╃殑鍔ㄤ綔銆傚湪鏉庢矝鐟朵換鍓儴闀挎湡闂達(dá)紝棣栧厛鍦ㄥ浗鏈変紒涓氭帹琛屼簡(jiǎn)鑱屽伐鍏昏�佷繚闄╃ぞ浼?xì)缁熃{癸紝鍗佸涓渷鐩哥戶瀹炵幇浜?jiǎn)鐪伨Uх粺絳癸紝鑱屽伐鍩烘湰鍏昏�侀噾璁″彂鍔炴硶鏀歸潻璇曠偣鏂規(guī)欏哄埄鍑哄彴錛屼竴澶ф壒鐪佸競(jìng)榪涜浜?jiǎn)鏀归潻璇曠偣锛屼负鍏ㄩ潰鎺ㄥ紑鍏昏�佷繚闄╂敼闈╁垱閫犱簡(jiǎn)紺句細(xì)姘涘洿錛岀Н绱簡(jiǎn)瀹濊吹鐨勭粡楠屻�?
浣嗘敼闈╂槸涓�涓埄鐩婅皟鏁寸殑澶嶆潅榪囩▼錛屾秹鍙?qiáng)鏂规枤w潰闈㈢殑鏉冨姏鍜屽埄鐩婏紝鍏剁煕鐩懼拰闅懼害鍙兂鑰岀煡錛屾洿涓嶅彲鑳戒竴韞磋�屽氨銆傜壒鍒槸鍏昏�佷繚闄╋紝鏃㈢壍娑夊巻鍙叉部琚紝鍙堜笌鐜板疄涓紒涓氱鐞嗙殑鏉″潡鍒嗗壊浜掍負(fù)綰犺憶銆傛柟妗堝嚭鍙拌繃紼嬶紝涓嶇煡緇忓巻浜?jiǎn)澶殲畱鍐步H併�佽皥鍒ゃ�佸崗璋冦�佸Ε鍗忋�備綔涓轟富綆￠儴闂ㄤ唬琛ㄧ殑鏉庢矝鐟訛紝闈㈠鐨勮壈闅懼鏉傦紝浠樺嚭鐨勫法澶х簿鍔涳紝闅句負(fù)澶栦漢閬撱�傚嵆浣垮姝わ紝鍥藉姟闄㈠己鍔涙暣鍚堟帹鍑虹殑鍏昏�佹敼闈╂柟妗堬紝渚濈劧鏄竴涓悇鏂瑰鉤琛＄殑緇撴灉銆傚叾涓笉浠呮彁鍑轟簡(jiǎn)涓や釜瀹炴柦鍔炴硶錛岃鍚勫湴鏍規(guī)嵁鎯呭喌鑷富閫夋嫨錛涜�屼笖淇濈暀浜?jiǎn)璁稿琛屼笟鑷垜缁熃{圭殑鏉冨埄銆?
鐢變簬鍏ㄧ▼鍙傚姞浜?jiǎn)鏀归潻鏂规鐨勫埗瀹氬Q屾潕娌涚懚娣辯煡鍏朵腑闅愯棌鐨勯棶棰樸�?995騫達(dá)紝鍥藉姟闄��婂叧浜庢繁鍖栦紒涓氳亴宸ュ吇鑰佷繚闄╁埗搴︽敼闈╃殑閫氱煡銆嬩笅鍙戝悗錛屾潕娌涚懚椹笂鐜囬姘戦潻涓ぎ銆佸姵鍔ㄩ儴銆佸浗瀹朵綋鏀瑰銆佺ぞ浼?xì)淇濋櫓鐮斀I舵墍絳夊崟浣嶇殑浜哄憳錛岃蕩鍥涘窛銆佷笂嫻楓�侀檿瑗跨瓑鍦板紑灞曚笓欏硅皟鐮斻�傛鏃訛紝鏉庢矝鐟跺凡鍗鎬換鍔沖姩閮ㄥ壇閮ㄩ暱錛岃韓浠藉凡緇忔槸浜哄ぇ甯稿浼?xì)鍓鍛橀暱锛屽洜姝ゅQ屾嬈′互姘戦潻涓ぎ鍚嶄箟鎶ラ�佺殑璋冪爺鎴愭灉銆婂叧浜庢繁鍖栧吇鑰佷繚闄╂敼闈╃殑鍒濇寤鴻銆嬶紝鎽嗚劚浜?jiǎn)閮ㄩ棬鍒╃泭鐨勫奖鍝嶃�傚湪鑲畾鏀歸潻鐨勫熀鏈柟鍚戜笌鐏墊椿閫夋嫨鐨勫悎鐞嗘�х殑鍚屾椂錛岀患鍚堝湴鏂圭殑鎯呭喌鍙嶆槧錛岀洿璦�涓嶈鍦版寚鍑轟簡(jiǎn)鐜拌鏂規(guī)瀛樺湪鐨勫紛鐥咃紱鎻愬嚭浜?jiǎn)鎻愰珮缁熃{瑰眰嬈°�侀�愭鍙栨秷琛屼笟緇熺銆佺爺絀跺綊綰崇患鍚堜袱涓柟妗堛�佸敖蹇嚭鍙扮ぞ浼?xì)淇濋殰娉暯{変腑鑲殑寤鴻銆傝繖涓�鍏厑瀹㈣鐨勭珛鍦哄拰鍙?qiáng)鏃剁殑寰忚鎬ф剰瑙侊紝寰楀埌浜?jiǎn)涓呑兏ぎ銆佸浗鍔￠櫌棰嗗鐨勯珮搴﹁瘎浠楓�?
娣辯煡鎶�鏈噸瑕佹�х殑鏉庢矝鐟訛紝榪樺崄鍒嗛噸瑙嗚繍鐢ㄧ幇浠ｅ寲鎶�鏈墜孌墊敼閫犵ぞ浼?xì)淇濋櫓鐨劷帯鐞嗐�備粬瑕佹眰錛屼負(fù)灝嗘潵瀹炵幇紺句細(xì)淇濋櫓鐨勫叏鍥借綆楁満鑱旂綉綆＄悊錛屽繀欏葷粺涓�杞歡鍜屾暟鎹彛寰勶紝浠庝竴寮�濮嬪氨瑕佸己璋冩爣鍑嗗寲銆?
浣滀負(fù)鏂版椂浠ｅ姵鍔ㄤ富綆℃満鍏崇殑浠ｈ〃鍜屾皯涓誨厷媧劇殑棰嗗浜猴紝浠庣ぞ浼?xì)涓讳箟鏀挎舱d叕姝ｄ笌紺句細(xì)鍜岃皭鐨勯珮搴︼紝璁よ瘑鍔沖姩鏉冪泭淇濇姢銆佸姵鍔ㄥ畨鍏ㄩ棶棰橈紝鏄潕娌涚懚浠庝簨鍔沖姩宸ヤ綔鐨勯矞鏄庣壒鑹層�?
鏉庢矝鐟跺ぇ澹板懠鍚佸姵鍔ㄧ珛娉曪紝鐢氳嚦璇磋繖鏄秹鍙?qiáng)錆h鏉冪殑鏀挎不闂銆傚綋銆婂姵鍔ㄦ硶銆嬪嚭鍙板悗錛屼粬浜茶嚜璧頒笂琛楀ご寮�灞曞浼犮�傜寮�鍔沖姩閮ㄥ悗錛屼粬渚濈劧鍏沖績(jī)鍔沖姩鑰呯殑鏉冪泭淇濇姢銆傚氨鍦ㄤ粬閬囧鍓嶄笉涔咃紝榪樺惉鍙栦簡(jiǎn)鍔沖姩閮ㄦ湁鍏沖悓蹇楀叧浜庤惤瀹炪�婂姵鍔ㄦ硶銆嬬殑鎯呭喌姹囨姤錛屽茍琛ㄧず瑕佷翰鑷甫闃熶笅鍩哄眰璋冩煡鐮旂┒銆傚彲鎯滆繖鎰挎湜姘歌繙涓嶈兘瀹炵幇浜?jiǎn)銆?
鏉庢矝鐟惰韓鍏煎姵鍔ㄩ儴鍓儴闀垮拰鍏ㄥ浗鎬誨伐浼?xì)鍓刚d腑錛屽挨鍏舵剰璇嗗埌鍦ㄥ競(jìng)鍦虹粡嫻庢潯浠朵笅錛岄潰瀵硅祫鏈殑寮哄娍錛屽緩绔嬩繚鎶ゅ姵鍔ㄨ�呮硶寰嬫満鍒跺紺句細(xì)鍜岃皭涓庣粡嫻庡彂灞曠殑閲嶈鎬с�傚洜姝や粬縐瀬鎺ㄥ姩鍔沖姩鍚堝悓鍒跺害涓庨泦浣撹皥鍒ゅ埗搴︾殑寤鴻銆備粬涓烘鏇懼嬈′富鍔ㄥ埌涓浗浼佷笟鑱斿悎浼?xì)锛屽晢璁ㄥ缓绔嬧�滀笁鏂規(guī)満鍒垛�濋棶棰橈紝璁╂媴浠昏浼?xì)鍚嶈獕浼?xì)闀跨殑鑰佸叡浜у厷浜鴻瀹濆崕鍏堢敓鎰熸叏涓嶅凡銆?
鏉庢矝鐟舵妸瀹夊叏鐢熶駭宸ヤ綔瑙嗕負(fù)鍏崇郴鑱屽伐鏉冨埄鍜岀ぞ浼?xì)鍙戝睍绋冲畾鐨勯噸澶ч棶棰樸�備粬澶氭浜茶蕩閾侀亾閮ㄣ�佷氦閫氶儴銆佸叕瀹夐儴銆佸叺鍣ㄥ伐涓氭�誨叕鍙哥瓑鍗曚綅錛屽崗璋冨畨鍏ㄧ敓浜ч棶棰樸�備粬澶氭娣卞叆閲嶅ぇ瀹夊叏浜嬫晠鐜板満錛屽惉鍙栨眹鎶ャ�佸療鐪嬪疄鎯呫�侀儴緗茶皟鏌ャ�佺湅鏈涗激鍛樸�佸畨鎶氬灞炪�?
浣滀負(fù)鏂頒竴浠ｆ皯闈╀腑澶瀵間漢錛屾潕娌涚懚鍧氬喅鎷ユ姢涓浗鍏變駭鍏氶瀵肩殑澶氬厷鍚堜綔涓庢斂娌誨崗鍟嗗埗搴︼紝娣卞埢鐞嗚В騫舵墽琛屼腑鍥藉叡浜у厷涓庡悇姘戜富鍏氭淳闀挎湡鍏卞瓨銆佷簰鐩哥洃鐫ｃ�佽倽鑳嗙浉鐓с�佽崳杈變笌鍏辯殑鏂歸拡錛屽茍浠ュ姞寮烘皯闈╄嚜韜緩璁撅紝鍏ㄩ潰灞ヨ鍙傛斂鍏氳亴鑳界殑瀹為檯琛屽姩浣夸箣钀藉疄銆?
浠栬錛屾妸涓�涓粈涔堟牱鐨勬皯闈╁甫鍏?1涓栫邯錛屾槸闇�瑕佺敤浜嬪疄鏉ユ紜洖絳旂殑涓�涓瀬鍏朵弗鑲冪殑闂錛屼篃鏄垜浠繖涓�浠ｄ粠涓ぎ鍒板湴鏂圭殑棰嗗鍚屽織鏃犲彲鎺ㄥ嵏鐨勬斂娌昏矗浠匯�傚姞寮鴻嚜韜緩璁懼拰鍙戞尌鍙傛斂鍏氫綔鐢紝鏄皯涓誨厷媧劇殑鍙岄噸浠誨姟錛屼袱鑰呮槸鐩歌緟鐩告垚鐨勩�備粬璁や負(fù)錛屽姞寮鴻嚜韜緩璁炬槸灞ヨ鍙傛斂鍏氳亴鑳界殑鍩烘湰鍓嶆彁銆傚洜姝ゆ彁鍑轟粠鍔犲己瀛︿範(fàn)銆佸緩绔嬪弬鏀垮厷鏈哄埗銆佸彂灞曠粍緇囥�佸己鍖栧埗搴︺�佸煿鍏誨共閮ㄣ�佹敼鍙樻満鍏充綔椋庣瓑鏂歸潰鍏ユ墜錛岀湡姝ｆ妸姘戦潻寤鴻鎴愪竴涓悎鏍肩殑鍙傛斂鍏氥�?
鏉庢矝鐟舵槸涓�涓伐浣滄眰瀹炵殑浜恒�備粬鎻愬嚭鍙傛斂鍏氱殑寤鴻闂錛岃嚜宸變篃灝辮韓浣撳姏琛岋紝浜茶嚜鍋氬弬鏀胯鏀垮伐浣溿�傚叾閫夐鍒欓泦涓湪甯︽湁鏅亶鎬ф垨鎴樼暐鎬х殑閲嶅ぇ闂?shù)笂銆?
1993騫達(dá)紝涓婁換浼婂鐨勬潕娌涚懚灝辯巼棰嗘皯闈╀腑澶�冨療緇勶紝涓や笅浜戣吹鑰冨療鏅哄姏鏀竟鎵惰傳浠ュ強(qiáng)杈瑰璐告槗鍙戝睍瓚嬪娍錛屼負(fù)璐靛窞钀藉悗鍦板尯鐨勭粡嫻庢尟鍏村嚭璋嬪垝絳栥�佺壍綰挎惌妗ワ紱緇勭粐鏈夊叧鍚屽織鍚戜腑鍏變腑澶姤閫佷簡(jiǎn)銆婂叧浜庤繘涓�姝ュ彂鎸ヤ簯鍗楀湪閲嶆尟鍗楁柟涓濈桓涔嬭礬涓殑鎴樼暐鍦頒綅浣滅敤闂鐨勫緩璁�嬨�傞殢鍚庡張鐜囬槦濂旇蕩姹熸禉娌笁鍦幫紝灝辨腐鍙ｅ緩璁鵑棶棰樿繘琛岃�冨療錛屽悜涓ぎ閫佷氦浜?jiǎn)銆婁笢鏂瑰ぇ娓殑宕涜搗搴旀棭鏃ュ喅絳栥�嬬殑寤鴻鎶ュ憡銆傝繖浜涘弬鏀胯鏀挎垚鏋滐紝鍥犻棶棰橀噸澶э紝璋冩煡緲斿疄錛屽緩璁腑鑲紝寰楀埌浜?jiǎn)涓呑兏ぎ鍜屽悇鏂归潰鐨勯噸瑙嗗拰濂借瘎銆?
姘戦潻鍥犱笌鍥芥皯鍏氱殑娓婃簮錛屽湪紲栧浗緇熶竴宸ヤ綔涓婂崰鎹壒孌婂湴浣嶃�傛潕娌涚懚瀵圭鍥界粺涓�鍏呮弧淇″績(jī)錛屽茍鍒╃敤涓�鍒囨満浼?xì)锛屼笌鍙版箲謴?qiáng)娓境浜哄＋騫挎硾鎺ヨЕ錛屽榪涗簡(jiǎn)瑙ｅ拰鎯呮劅浜ゆ祦錛岀Н鏋佸浼犲拰騫崇粺涓�銆佷竴鍥戒袱鍒剁殑浼熷ぇ鏂歸拡錛屽嬈″懠鍚佸彴婀懼綋灞�欏哄簲鍘嗗彶娼祦鍜屼漢姘戞効鏈涳紝鍏辮鍜屽鉤緇熶竴澶т笟錛屽悓鍒涙皯鏃忔尟鍏村畯鍥俱�?
鏉庢矝鐟舵媴浠誨叏鍥戒漢澶у壇濮斿憳闀垮悗錛屼綔涓哄浗瀹墮瀵間漢錛屽嬈＄巼鍥㈠嚭鍥借闂紝涓哄榪涗腑鍥戒笌涓栫晫鐨勪氦寰�錛屽紑灞曞拰騫沖浜わ紝涓嶈緸鍔寵嫤銆?
浠栧姫鍔涙湇鍔＄ぞ浼?xì)锛尶U瀬鍙傚姞紺句細(xì)鍏泭媧誨姩錛屽茍鎷呬換涓浗鍥介檯縐戝鍜屽鉤淇?jī)杩涗細(xì)浼?xì)闀褲�佷腑鍥藉姵鍔ㄤ繚鎶ょ瀛︽妧鏈浼?xì)鐞嗕簨闀裤�佷腑鍥介攨鐐夋按澶勭悊鍗忎細(xì)鍚嶈獕浼?xì)闀裤�佷腑鍥界孩鍗佸瓧浼?xì)鍚嶈獕鍓細(xì)闀拷{夊縐嶇ぞ浼?xì)鑱屽姟銆?
鏉庢矝鐟剁敓媧諱凱鏈達(dá)紝鎴愪負(fù)閮ㄧ駭騫查儴鍚庯紝浠嶇劧緇忓父楠戠潃鑷杞﹀鍑恒�傜敋鑷沖湪鍑哄浗璁塊棶鏃訛紝涔熶笉鎰挎帴鍙楄豹鍗庝綇鎴匡紝鍔涘浘涓哄浗瀹惰妭鐪佸紑鏀�?
1996騫?鏈?鏃ユ潕娌涚懚涓嶅垢閬囧銆?鏈?3鏃ワ紝鏉庢矝鐟墮仐浣撳憡鍒華寮忓湪鍏疂灞遍潻鍛藉叕澧撲婦琛屻�傛睙娉芥皯銆佷箶鐭熾�佹潕鐟炵幆絳夊厷鍜屽浗瀹墮瀵間漢鍑哄腑銆傜兢浼楀弬鍔犱漢鏁板師瀹氬湪1500浜猴紝鑰屽疄闄呬漢鏁頒笉涓?000浜猴紝澶уぇ瓚呰繃浜?jiǎn)浜嬪墠鐨勯瀹氥�?
2鏈?4鏃ワ紝銆婁漢姘戞棩鎶ャ�嬪垔鐧諱簡(jiǎn)鏉庢矝鐟舵不涓х殑緇煎悎娑堟伅錛屽茍鍏ㄦ枃鍙戣〃浜?jiǎn)銆婃潕娌涚懚鍚屽織鐢熷鉤銆嬶紝楂樺害璇勪環(huán)浜?jiǎn)鏉庢矝鐟剁殑涓�鐢燂紝縐頒箣涓衡�滀腑鍥藉叡浜у厷鐨勪翰瀵嗘垬鍙嬨�佽憲鍚嶇殑鐖卞浗涓諱箟鑰呭拰鏀挎不媧誨姩瀹垛�濄�?
錛堥珮鍘燂級(jí)
涓昏鍙傝�冩枃鐚細(xì)
1.鏉庣妗︼細(xì)銆婂洖蹇嗘垜鐨勫摜鍝ユ潕娌涚懚銆嬶紝銆婂伐浜烘棩鎶ャ�?996騫?鏈?鏃ユ槦鏈熷垔銆?
2.褰竻婧愶細(xì)銆婃案榪滅殑鎬�蹇點(diǎn)�嬶紝銆婂厜鏄庢棩鎶ャ�?996騫?鏈?5鏃ョ鍥涚増銆?
3.闃磭姝︺�佹潕浼媷錛氥�婃矝鐟剁殑綺劇姘哥暀浜洪棿銆嬶紝銆婁漢姘戞棩鎶ャ�?996騫淬�?
4.涓崕浜烘皯鍏卞拰鍥藉姵鍔ㄩ儴錛氥�婃柊鏃舵湡鍔沖姩宸ヤ綔鐨勫崜瓚婂紑鎷撹�呫�嬶紝銆婂厜鏄庢棩鎶ャ�?996騫?鏈?7鏃ョ鍥涚増銆?
5.闊╁畻鐕曪細(xì)銆婂皢闂ㄥ剴瀹樻潕娌涚懚銆嬶紝銆婁綔瀹舵枃鎽樸�嬬163鏈熴�?
6.姘戦潻涓ぎ錛氥�婂叧浜庤繘涓�姝ュ彂鎸ヤ簯鍗楀湪閲嶆尟鈥滃崡鏂逛笣緇鎬箣璺�濅腑鐨勬垬鐣ュ湴浣嶄綔鐢ㄩ棶棰樼殑寤鴻銆嬶紙1994騫?鏈堬級(jí)銆?
7.姘戦潻涓ぎ錛氥�婁笢鏂瑰ぇ娓殑宕涜搗浜熷簲鏃╂棩鍐崇瓥銆嬶紙1994騫?鏈堬級(jí)銆?
8.姘戦潻涓ぎ錛氥�婂叧浜庢悶濂藉啘鏉戝墿浣欏姵鍔ㄥ姏杞Щ宸ヤ綔鐨勫嚑鐐瑰緩璁�嬶紙1994騫?鏈堬級(jí)銆?
9.姘戦潻涓ぎ錛氥�婂叧浜庡姞寮烘皯闈╁弬鏀垮厷寤鴻鐨勬剰瑙併�嬶紙1994騫?鏈?1鏃ワ級(jí)銆?
10.姘戦潻涓ぎ錛氥�婂叧浜庢繁鍖栧吇鑰佷繚闄╂敼闈╃殑鍒濇寤鴻銆嬶紙1995騫?鏈?0鏃ワ級(jí)銆?
11.銆婃潕娌涚懚鍚屽織鐢熷鉤銆嬶紙銆婁漢姘戞棩鎶ャ�?996騫?鏈?4鏃ワ級(jí)銆?
緗戠珯棣栭〉 - 姘戦潻浠嬬粛 - 宸ヤ綔鍔ㄦ�?/a> - 鑱岃矗浠誨姟 - 姘戦潻浼犳壙 - 瀛︿範(fàn)騫沖彴 - 涓撻?shù)笓鏍?/a>
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涓浗鍥芥皯鍏氶潻鍛藉鍛樹(shù)細(xì)榛戦緳姹熺渷濮斿憳?shù)細(xì)鐗堟潈鎵�鏈?
榛慖CP澶?5008347鍙?/a> 榛戝叕瀹夌綉 23011002000532鍙?/a>
鍏蟲(chóng)敞榫欐睙姘戦潻